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chem > The Conduction System > Flashcards

The Conduction System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiocytes

A

Striated, short thick, branched cells with a central nucleus surrounded by a lot of glycogen

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2
Q

Does cardiac muscle undergo mitosis?

A

Nope

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3
Q

What happens when cardiac muscle gets damaged?

A

Scarring occurs

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4
Q

What is the scaring of damaged cardiac muscle called

A

Fibrosis

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5
Q

Intercalated discs do what

A

Join cardiocytes by three special features

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6
Q

What are the 3 special features that intercalated discs have that join cardiocytes together

A

Interdigitating folds, mechanical junctions, electrical junctions

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7
Q

Electrical junctions are also called what

A

Gap junctions

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8
Q

What do gap junctions do

A

Allow ions to flow between cells easily

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9
Q

What system does cardiac muscle use to make ATP

A

Aerobic respiration

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10
Q

What is unique about cardiac muscle

A

It is rich in myoglobin and glycogen and has a HUGE mitochondria

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11
Q

The cardiac muscle can adapt to different types of fuel very easily. What types of fuel can the heart use?

A

Fatty acids, glucose, ketones, lactic acid, amino acids

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12
Q

The heart is more likely to run out of ___ than ___

A

Oxygen rather than nutrients

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13
Q

Does the cardiomyocytes make lactic acid

A

They shouldn’t

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14
Q

Name the major function of the conductive system

A

Coordinates the heartbeat

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15
Q

How is the heartbeat coordinated

A

Through internal pacemaker and nerve-like conduction pathways

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16
Q

What is the first step of sending electrical signals

A

The sinoatrial node (contains the pacemaker)

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17
Q

What does the pacemaker say your heartbeat should be

A

100 bpm

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18
Q

Where is the pacemaker

A

In the right atrium near the SVC

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19
Q

What is the first chamber to get the signal

A

The right atria

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20
Q

What is the second thing to get the signal

A

The atrioventricular node

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21
Q

Where is the AV node

A

Near the bottom r. ventricle by the interatrial septum

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22
Q

What does the AV node do? Its main thing?

A

It is the electrical gateway between the atria and ventricles

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23
Q

What prevents the electric current from getting out of path

A

Fibrous skeleton

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24
Q

Where does the AV node send the signal to

A

The Atrioventricular bundle

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25
Q

What is the AV bundle also known as

A

The bundle of HIS

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26
Q

The AV bundle forks left and right. What do they go through

A

The interventricular septum towards the apex

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27
Q
A
28
Q

The AV bundle sends signals to the apex of the heart. What in the ventricles of the heart spread the signal to cardiocytes

A

Purkinje fibers

29
Q

Where does ventricle contraction start

A

The base of the heart

30
Q

Sympathetic system is

A

Fight and flight

31
Q

Sympathetic nervous system causes what to happen

A

HR goes up, muscles need more blood, respiratory rate increases, digestive and urinary slow

32
Q

Where does the sympathetic pathway originate

A

The lower cervical to upper thoracic segments of the spinal cord

33
Q

Where does the sympathetic pathway go after the spine

A

The sympathetic chain ganglia and cervical ganglia

34
Q

After the sympathetic pathway starts in the spinal cord and then goes to the sympathetic chain ganglia and cervical ganglia where does it go next

A

Postganglionic fibers through the cardiac plexus in the mediastinum and goes to heart

35
Q

The parasympathetic nerves do what

A

Rest and digest. Slows the heart rate

36
Q

Where does the parasympathetic pathway begin

A

The nuclei of the vagus nerves in the medulla oblongata (brain)

37
Q

Second step of the parasympathetic pathway

A

Cardiac plexus and then cardiac nerves

38
Q

For the parasympathetic system, the fibers of the right vagus nerve go where

A

The SA node

39
Q

For the parasympathetic nervous sytem the fibers of the left vagus nerve go where

A

The AV node

40
Q

The parasympathetic system really does not stimulate what

A

The myocardium

41
Q

Sinus rhythm is triggered by the SA node. What is it with adjustments from the parasympathetic system

A

70 to 80 bpm

42
Q

What is ectopic focus

A

A region of spontaneous firing that the SA node did not approve of

43
Q

Is SA node is damged, ectopic focus may

A

lead the heart rythem

44
Q

Is the SA node is damaged, the AV sets the pace. What does the AV node say the heart rate should be

A

40-50 bpm

45
Q

Nodal rhythm is set by the av node. What rate is it

A

40-50 bpm

46
Q

Ectopic focal rhythms are what temp

A

20-40 bpm

47
Q

The SA is different from other cells membranes because why

A

It does not have a stable resting membrane potential

48
Q

What is a resting membrane potential

A

The different in electrical charge from inside and outside the membrane AT REST

49
Q

The SA node resting membrane potential is

A

Always changing

50
Q

The pacemaker cells have an unstable resting potential around what number

A

-60 mV

51
Q

The membrane of the SA node slowly depolarizes(gets more positive) until it reaches a threashold for firing what

A

an action potential

52
Q

Why is having an unstable resting membrane potentially really good for the heart

A

It allows it to make its own rhythm without external stimulation

53
Q

Funny channels allow what to happen in the heart

A

Slow Na+ influx during diastole (gradually depolarizing it)

54
Q

Calcium channels are ___ during depolarization

A

Open

55
Q

Calcium channels contribute to

A

Contraction

56
Q

What is the gradual depolarization called

A

Pacemaker potential

57
Q

What is the threshold for the Ca and Na channels to open

A

-40mV

58
Q

What happens when the threshold of -40mV is reached opening the Ca and Na channels

A

Faster depolarization (peaks at o mV)

59
Q

How does the membrane repolarize

A

K+ channels open and K+ leaves the cell

60
Q

When does pacemaker potential start over

A

When K+ channels close

61
Q

The sodium potassium pumps works __ the concentration gradient

A

against

62
Q

The sodium potassium pump requires

A

ATP

63
Q

The sodium potassium pump pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2K+ into the cell. This measn that more positive charges are leave then entering. This creates what

A

An electrochemical gradient

64
Q

During polarization Na+ is highest __ the cell

A

Outside

65
Q

During polarization K+ is highest ___ the cell

A

Inside

chem (5 decks)

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