A&P Cardiac pt. 1 Flashcards
Cardiovascular System
Heart, blood vessels
Circulatory System
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Difference between cardiovascular system and circulatory system
Circulatory system includes blood
Circulatory System is divided into two segments. What are they
Pulmonary and systemic
Pulmonary circuit is what side of the heart
Right
Pulmonary circuit for the most part is (oxygen wise)
deoxygenated
The pulmonary circuit is mostly associated with
veins
What is the only deoxygenated artery
Pulmonary artery (trunk)
Systemic circuit is on what side of the heart
Left
Systemic circuit is associated with
Artery
The systemic circuit supplies ___
oxygen
When looking at a heart on paper is the systemic circuit on the left side of that paper
No its on the right
What is a mediastinum
The cavity between the lungs that holds the heart(and some other stuff)
Which lung is bigger than the other?
The right lung
Why is the right lung bigger
Because the mediastinum is at an angle, forcing the heart to be on an angle with the apex of the heart pushing into the left lung
The apex of the heart is on the ___ ___ side
bottom left
The base of the heart is on the ___ ___ side
top left side
The bottom of the heart is where the ___ are
ventricles
The top of the heart is where ___ are
atria
Separating the right and left atria is the
Interatrial septum
Separating the right and left ventricle is the
Interventricular septum
Why do we need those septums?
To prevent deoxygenated blood from meeting oxygenated blood
Do babies have a whole septum?
Nope. There’s a whole b/c they don’t breathe normally
What is the serous membrane?
A double layered membrane
Why does the serous membrane exist
To protect the movement of the heart from degrading surrounding structures
The pericardium holds the ___
Pericardial sac
Three main systems that use serous membranes
Heart, lungs, intestines
What is the serous membrane around the heart
Pericardium
What is the pericardium anchored to
The diaphragm inferiorly and sternum anteriorly
The pericardium has a top layer and a bottom layer. What is the superficial layer called
Parietal pericardium
The parietal pericardium has ____ ____ on the superficial side
Connective tissue
What is on the deep side of the parietal pericardium
serous layer
The pericardium has a top layer and a bottom layer. What is the deep layer called.
Visceral pericardium or epicardium
The deep layer of the pericardium has two names. What are they
Visceral pericardium and epicardium
The parietal pericardium and the visceral peri/epicardium are both a apart of what bigger structure
Serous membrane of the heart aka pericardium
Serous membrane is a blanket term for what
A double layered membrane
What is the pericardial cavity filled with
Pericardial fluid
What is the space of the serous double layered membrane called
Pericardial cavity
If the serous membrane covering the heart ,also known as the pericardium, gets inflamed what is that called
Pericarditis
What part of the word pericarditis means that it is inflamed
-itis
The visceral pericardium covers the heart. What is deep to the visceral peri/epicardium
Myocardium
____ lines the valves of the heart and lines the heart
Endocardium
The _____ lines the atria and ventricles
endocardium
The ___ lines the valves of the heart
Endocardium
95% of the heart is made of ____
Myocardium
Values and vessels are all endothelium. What is endothelium?
A monolayer of endothelial cells INSIDE the body
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. What is the powerhouse of the heart?
Myocardium
The muscle of the heart (myocardium) takes on what shape?
A spiral
Why does the myocardium (the cardiac muscle) take on a spiral shape?
To help produce a “wringing” motion that moves blood through the circuits
The myocardium is the muscle of the heart that is made of ___ and ___ fibers
Collagenous and elastic
Why does the myocardium need a fibrous skeleton? (3. The 3 lame ones)
For structural support and so the muscle has somewhere to attach to. It also anchors valve tissue
The fibrous skeleton of the myocardium helps the ____ _____ between the atria and ventricles
Electrical insulation
Why do the sections of the heart need to be insulated from each other?
So the timing and coordination of contractile activity does not get messed up
The cardiac cycle is the process of __ heart___
1 heartbeat
Systole is ___
contraction
Diastole is ___
relaxation
When atria are in systole the ventricles are in___
Diastole
The interatrial septum is ___
The wall that serrates the atria
The pectinate muscle are in the ____
Myocardium
The pectinate muscles are in the ___ atrium and both ___
Right atrium and both auricles
Interventricular septum
Wall that separates the ventricles
Trabeculae carneae are ____ in ___ ventricles
Internal ridges in both ventricles
Why do trabeculae carneae exist?
The prevent ventricle wall from sticking together after contraction
The trabeculae carneae relates to what example that Prof. Wagener brought up
Smooth wet paper sticking together
The hole in the interatrial septum of the heart found in infants is called
Foramen ovale
When the opening in the interatrial septum called the foramen ovale closes, it leaves a scar called ___
Fossa Ovalis
Pectinate muscles and trabeculae carneae help to _____
Increase force of contraction
Oricles are in the atria. The grooce under it between the atria and ventricle is called -__
Sulcus
The sulcus divides the ___ and ___
atria and ventricles
Major blood vessels are n the sulcus. This means the sulcus has ___ to protect it
Fat
The sulcus has a atria version and a ventricle version. The atrial version is called
Atrioventricular sulcus
The sulcus has a atria and ventricle version. The ventricles version is called the
Interventricular sulcus
The sulci contain _____
Coronary arties
What does “coronary artery” mean
Heart arteries. Arteries are a part of the systemic circuit.
The ridges in the ventricles have a different name from the ridges in the atrium and auricles. Spell the ventricle one.
Trab-ecu-lae carn-eae
The ridges in the ventricles have a different name from the ridges in the atrium and auricles. Spell the atria one.
Pectinate muscles
If you see the auricle you have found what
The atria
There are two types of valves. AV Valves and Semilunar. What do AV valves stand for
Atrioventricular Valves
The AV valves are between the ____ and the ___
Atria and the ventricles
AV valves have ____ ____ and are classified as bi___ and tri ____
Chordae Tendinea bicuspid and tricuspid
Semilunar valves are between the ___ and the ____
Ventricles and the great artieries
The semilunar valves open into the great arteries. What are the great arteries?
The aorta and the pulmonary artery
Why is the pulmonary artery called an artery even though it has deoxygenated blood?
Because it is taking it AWAY from the heart.
The AV valves close based on action from chordae tendinea. What moves the semilunar valves?
Blood flow and pressure based on systole and diastole of the ventricles
There are two semilunar valves; one in each circuit. Name them.
Right circuit; Pulmonary semilunar valve. Left circuit; Aortic semilunar valve
When the ventricles relax that is called
Diastole
When the ventricles are in diastole, what do the semilunar valves do?
They close because the pressure is lower in the ventricles so the blood wants to rush there
When the semilunar valves close during diastole what do the AV valves do?
Open
When the ventricles contract that is called
Systole
When the AV valves close that means the ventricle is in ____
systole
When the ventricle is in systole, the semilunar valves are ____
Open
5% of blood is recycled back to the heart through a process called ___ ___
Coronary circulation
When is flow through the coronary arteries the greatest?
When the heart is relaxed
When the heart is relaxed its “bigger”. So why does most coronary circulation happen then?
Because during contraction (systole) the myocardium compresses the arteries and stops flow
Where are the opening to the coronary arteries found
In the pocket of the aortic valve flaps
When the left ventricle is in systole, is blood getting into the coronary artery opening?
NOPE the pocket covers it
Breakdown the term left coronary artery
Left in this case meaning left, coronary meaning heart ( by the heart for the heart) and artery meaning vessel that carries blood cells to the myocardium
What artery does the left coronary artery branch off of
The ascending aorta
the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) branches in what two branches
Anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch
The anterior interventricular branch supplies what part of the heart
Both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum
So the Anterior interventricular branch is mostly associated with
Ventricles and the interventricular septum
The circumflex branch goes (left/right)
Left
The circumflex branch further branches into the
Left marginal branch
Where does the circumflex branch end
The posterior side of the heart
What does the circumflex branch supply?
Left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle
The circumflex branch name makes sense because it “flexes” and supplies both the
Left atrium and (posterior) left ventricle
The right coronary artery (RCA) also branches off of the
ascending aorta
The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies what
Right atrium and sinoatrial node
Sinoatrial node is also called what
Pacemaker
The RCA branches into what two branches
Right marginal branch and the posterior interventricular branch
The right marginal branch supplies what
the lateral aspect of the right atrium and ventricle
Unsurprisingly, The posterior interventricular branch supplies what
Posterior walls of the ventricles
What is coronary artery diease
When the coronary arteries get constricted
What is atherosclerosis
An accumulation of lipid deposits that hurt the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen
What is a lumen
The hole in the artery where blood passes
What begins atherosclerosis
Endothelium damage
What damages endothelium
Hypertension, diabetes etc
What are monocytes
A type of white blood cell
What role do monocytes play in coronary artery disease
They penetrate the walls of damaged vessels and transform into macrophages
What do macrophages do in the vessel walls
Absorb cholesterol and fats into something called a foam cell
What are foam cells
Macrophages that have absorbed cholesterol and fats
What can foam cells grow into
Atherosclerotic plaques (atheromas)
Another name for atherosclerotic plaques
Atheromas
What happens to damaged areas of blood vessel walls
Platelets adhere to them and secrete a growth factor
What does platelet derived growth factor attract
Immune cells, and mitosis of muscle and fibroblasts which deposit collagen
What is the end result of platelet derived growth factor being secreted
A bulging mass grows and obstruct the arterial hole (lumen)
What does coronary artery disease lead to
A heart attack
Prostacyclin
A chemical secreted by the endothelium of the heart vessels that make them slippery
Diabetes and high blood pressure make your blood not flow smoothly. What happens to the blood cells when that happen
They back up and increase the blood volume in the vessel. The vessel then stretches
Macrophages are kind of like a ___
Vacuum cleaner. They absorb things
When monocytes turn into macrophages, what do the macrophages do
They live in the vessel walls and take in fats
The fatty masses that macrophages turn into as they absorb fat is called what
Plaques called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques
When the endothelium are separated, platelets attach to the walls. They secrete a chemical that does what
Makes the muscle and collagen of the walls grow thicker,
What ultimately happens when platelets adhere to the damaged walls
The mass grows thicker
Atherosclerotic plaques and adhering platelets causes what
Inflammation. This makes them less stretchy, hardened
Arteriosclerosis is the ____ of plaques
Hardening
Atherosclerosis is the ____ of plaques
Creation
One cause of arteriosclerosis
Inflammation transform atheroma in a hard plaque
Atherosclerosis creates ___ (verb tense)
Atheroma
If the atheroma becomes inflamed enough it can
Rupture
What happens when an atheroma plaque ruptures
It releases a fatty mass
Why is the release of a fatty mass really bad
It can block the small lumen of the arteries (heart attack)
The atheroma plaques causes coronary artery spasms because
Nitric oxide can not release
What is a name for the traveling fat clot
Fatty emboli
What is nitric oxide use in the heart
A vasodilator
What is a vasodilator
Opens the lumen and makes blood move smoothly
What is angina pectoris
Intermittent chest pain in response to obstructed blood flow (ischemia) caused by plaques
Any obstruction of blood flow in the heart is called
Ischemia
When ischemia happens the heart muscles switch to
Anaerobic respiration
Why is anaerobic respiration in the heart bad
It creates lactic acid, which is what ultimately causes the pain (angina pectoris)
Myocardial infarction is what
Death of cells in the heart
Coronary bypass surgery
Uses a vein from saphenous vein or small thoracic arteries and make a balloon where a stent is inserted
Two majors things that cause high blood pressure and cholesterol
Weight, diet, and movement
Thebesian veins carry oxygen poor blood to the
Heart chambers
The coronary sinus carries the input from what three cardiac veins
Great cardiac, posterior interventricular, and left marginal veins
You want LDL cholesterol to be
Low
LDLs are
Protein coated cholesterol, free fatty acids, and phospholipids
Some people are born with dysfunction ldl receptors that cause
Cholesterol to accumulate
What stimulates inflammation in the atheroma
Immune cells
Who are silent heart attacks most common in
Diabetics and the elderly
Painless heart attacks are usually caused by
Disrupted electrical conduction pathways
What do disrupted electrical conduction pathways causes
Fibrillation and cardiac arrest
If a myocardial infarction occurs, it affects the artery and muscle it happened in AND
Every muscle cell downstream of the blockage
What are some Unavoidable risk factors for CAD (3)
Heredity, aging, being male
What are some PREVENTABLE risk factors for CAD
Obesity, smoking, activity, stress and anxiety, aggression, diet
