A&P Cardiac pt. 1 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Heart, blood vessels
2
Q
Circulatory System
A
Heart, blood vessels, blood
3
Q
Difference between cardiovascular system and circulatory system
A
Circulatory system includes blood
4
Q
Circulatory System is divided into two segments. What are they
A
Pulmonary and systemic
5
Q
Pulmonary circuit is what side of the heart
A
Right
6
Q
Pulmonary circuit for the most part is (oxygen wise)
A
deoxygenated
7
Q
The pulmonary circuit is mostly associated with
A
veins
8
Q
What is the only deoxygenated artery
A
Pulmonary artery (trunk)
9
Q
Systemic circuit is on what side of the heart
A
Left
10
Q
Systemic circuit is associated with
A
Artery
11
Q
The systemic circuit supplies ___
A
oxygen
12
Q
When looking at a heart on paper is the systemic circuit on the left side of that paper
A
No its on the right
13
Q
What is a mediastinum
A
The cavity between the lungs that holds the heart(and some other stuff)
14
Q
Which lung is bigger than the other?
A
The right lung
15
Q
Why is the right lung bigger
A
Because the mediastinum is at an angle, forcing the heart to be on an angle with the apex of the heart pushing into the left lung
16
Q
The apex of the heart is on the ___ ___ side
A
bottom left
17
Q
The base of the heart is on the ___ ___ side
A
top left side
18
Q
The bottom of the heart is where the ___ are
A
ventricles
19
Q
The top of the heart is where ___ are
A
atria
20
Q
Separating the right and left atria is the
A
Interatrial septum
21
Q
Separating the right and left ventricle is the
A
Interventricular septum
22
Q
Why do we need those septums?
A
To prevent deoxygenated blood from meeting oxygenated blood
23
Q
Do babies have a whole septum?
A
Nope. There’s a whole b/c they don’t breathe normally
24
Q
What is the serous membrane?
A
A double layered membrane
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Why does the serous membrane exist
To protect the movement of the heart from degrading surrounding structures
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The pericardium holds the ___
Pericardial sac
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Three main systems that use serous membranes
Heart, lungs, intestines
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What is the serous membrane around the heart
Pericardium
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What is the pericardium anchored to
The diaphragm inferiorly and sternum anteriorly
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The pericardium has a top layer and a bottom layer. What is the superficial layer called
Parietal pericardium
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The parietal pericardium has ____ ____ on the superficial side
Connective tissue
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What is on the deep side of the parietal pericardium
serous layer
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The pericardium has a top layer and a bottom layer. What is the deep layer called.
Visceral pericardium or epicardium
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The deep layer of the pericardium has two names. What are they
Visceral pericardium and epicardium
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The parietal pericardium and the visceral peri/epicardium are both a apart of what bigger structure
Serous membrane of the heart aka pericardium
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Serous membrane is a blanket term for what
A double layered membrane
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What is the pericardial cavity filled with
Pericardial fluid
35
What is the space of the serous double layered membrane called
Pericardial cavity
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If the serous membrane covering the heart ,also known as the pericardium, gets inflamed what is that called
Pericarditis
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What part of the word pericarditis means that it is inflamed
-itis
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The visceral pericardium covers the heart. What is deep to the visceral peri/epicardium
Myocardium
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____ lines the valves of the heart and lines the heart
Endocardium
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The _____ lines the atria and ventricles
endocardium
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The ___ lines the valves of the heart
Endocardium
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95% of the heart is made of ____
Myocardium
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Values and vessels are all endothelium. What is endothelium?
A monolayer of endothelial cells INSIDE the body
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The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. What is the powerhouse of the heart?
Myocardium
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The muscle of the heart (myocardium) takes on what shape?
A spiral
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Why does the myocardium (the cardiac muscle) take on a spiral shape?
To help produce a "wringing" motion that moves blood through the circuits
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The myocardium is the muscle of the heart that is made of ___ and ___ fibers
Collagenous and elastic
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Why does the myocardium need a fibrous skeleton? (3. The 3 lame ones)
For structural support and so the muscle has somewhere to attach to. It also anchors valve tissue
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The fibrous skeleton of the myocardium helps the ____ _____ between the atria and ventricles
Electrical insulation
50
Why do the sections of the heart need to be insulated from each other?
So the timing and coordination of contractile activity does not get messed up
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The cardiac cycle is the process of __ heart___
1 heartbeat
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Systole is ___
contraction
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Diastole is ___
relaxation
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When atria are in systole the ventricles are in___
Diastole
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The interatrial septum is ___
The wall that serrates the atria
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The pectinate muscle are in the ____
Myocardium
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The pectinate muscles are in the ___ atrium and both ___
Right atrium and both auricles
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Interventricular septum
Wall that separates the ventricles
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Trabeculae carneae are ____ in ___ ventricles
Internal ridges in both ventricles
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Why do trabeculae carneae exist?
The prevent ventricle wall from sticking together after contraction
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The trabeculae carneae relates to what example that Prof. Wagener brought up
Smooth wet paper sticking together
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The hole in the interatrial septum of the heart found in infants is called
Foramen ovale
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When the opening in the interatrial septum called the foramen ovale closes, it leaves a scar called ___
Fossa Ovalis
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Pectinate muscles and trabeculae carneae help to _____
Increase force of contraction
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Oricles are in the atria. The grooce under it between the atria and ventricle is called -__
Sulcus
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The sulcus divides the ___ and ___
atria and ventricles
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Major blood vessels are n the sulcus. This means the sulcus has ___ to protect it
Fat
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The sulcus has a atria version and a ventricle version. The atrial version is called
Atrioventricular sulcus
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The sulcus has a atria and ventricle version. The ventricles version is called the
Interventricular sulcus
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The sulci contain _____
Coronary arties
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What does "coronary artery" mean
Heart arteries. Arteries are a part of the systemic circuit.
72
The ridges in the ventricles have a different name from the ridges in the atrium and auricles. Spell the ventricle one.
Trab-ecu-lae carn-eae
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The ridges in the ventricles have a different name from the ridges in the atrium and auricles. Spell the atria one.
Pectinate muscles
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If you see the auricle you have found what
The atria
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There are two types of valves. AV Valves and Semilunar. What do AV valves stand for
Atrioventricular Valves
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The AV valves are between the ____ and the ___
Atria and the ventricles
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AV valves have ____ ____ and are classified as bi___ and tri ____
Chordae Tendinea bicuspid and tricuspid
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Semilunar valves are between the ___ and the ____
Ventricles and the great artieries
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The semilunar valves open into the great arteries. What are the great arteries?
The aorta and the pulmonary artery
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Why is the pulmonary artery called an artery even though it has deoxygenated blood?
Because it is taking it AWAY from the heart.
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The AV valves close based on action from chordae tendinea. What moves the semilunar valves?
Blood flow and pressure based on systole and diastole of the ventricles
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There are two semilunar valves; one in each circuit. Name them.
Right circuit; Pulmonary semilunar valve. Left circuit; Aortic semilunar valve
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When the ventricles relax that is called
Diastole
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When the ventricles are in diastole, what do the semilunar valves do?
They close because the pressure is lower in the ventricles so the blood wants to rush there
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When the semilunar valves close during diastole what do the AV valves do?
Open
86
When the ventricles contract that is called
Systole
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When the AV valves close that means the ventricle is in ____
systole
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When the ventricle is in systole, the semilunar valves are ____
Open
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5% of blood is recycled back to the heart through a process called ___ ___
Coronary circulation
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When is flow through the coronary arteries the greatest?
When the heart is relaxed
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When the heart is relaxed its "bigger". So why does most coronary circulation happen then?
Because during contraction (systole) the myocardium compresses the arteries and stops flow
92
Where are the opening to the coronary arteries found
In the pocket of the aortic valve flaps
93
When the left ventricle is in systole, is blood getting into the coronary artery opening?
NOPE the pocket covers it
94
Breakdown the term left coronary artery
Left in this case meaning left, coronary meaning heart ( by the heart for the heart) and artery meaning vessel that carries blood cells to the myocardium
95
What artery does the left coronary artery branch off of
The ascending aorta
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the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) branches in what two branches
Anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch
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The anterior interventricular branch supplies what part of the heart
Both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum
98
So the Anterior interventricular branch is mostly associated with
Ventricles and the interventricular septum
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The circumflex branch goes (left/right)
Left
100
The circumflex branch further branches into the
Left marginal branch
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Where does the circumflex branch end
The posterior side of the heart
102
What does the circumflex branch supply?
Left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle
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The circumflex branch name makes sense because it "flexes" and supplies both the
Left atrium and (posterior) left ventricle
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The right coronary artery (RCA) also branches off of the
ascending aorta
105
The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies what
Right atrium and sinoatrial node
106
Sinoatrial node is also called what
Pacemaker
107
The RCA branches into what two branches
Right marginal branch and the posterior interventricular branch
108
The right marginal branch supplies what
the lateral aspect of the right atrium and ventricle
109
Unsurprisingly, The posterior interventricular branch supplies what
Posterior walls of the ventricles
110
What is coronary artery diease
When the coronary arteries get constricted
111
What is atherosclerosis
An accumulation of lipid deposits that hurt the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen
112
What is a lumen
The hole in the artery where blood passes
113
What begins atherosclerosis
Endothelium damage
114
What damages endothelium
Hypertension, diabetes etc
115
What are monocytes
A type of white blood cell
116
What role do monocytes play in coronary artery disease
They penetrate the walls of damaged vessels and transform into macrophages
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What do macrophages do in the vessel walls
Absorb cholesterol and fats into something called a foam cell
118
What are foam cells
Macrophages that have absorbed cholesterol and fats
119
What can foam cells grow into
Atherosclerotic plaques (atheromas)
120
Another name for atherosclerotic plaques
Atheromas
121
What happens to damaged areas of blood vessel walls
Platelets adhere to them and secrete a growth factor
122
What does platelet derived growth factor attract
Immune cells, and mitosis of muscle and fibroblasts which deposit collagen
123
What is the end result of platelet derived growth factor being secreted
A bulging mass grows and obstruct the arterial hole (lumen)
124
What does coronary artery disease lead to
A heart attack
125
Prostacyclin
A chemical secreted by the endothelium of the heart vessels that make them slippery
126
Diabetes and high blood pressure make your blood not flow smoothly. What happens to the blood cells when that happen
They back up and increase the blood volume in the vessel. The vessel then stretches
127
Macrophages are kind of like a ___
Vacuum cleaner. They absorb things
128
When monocytes turn into macrophages, what do the macrophages do
They live in the vessel walls and take in fats
129
The fatty masses that macrophages turn into as they absorb fat is called what
Plaques called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques
130
When the endothelium are separated, platelets attach to the walls. They secrete a chemical that does what
Makes the muscle and collagen of the walls grow thicker,
131
What ultimately happens when platelets adhere to the damaged walls
The mass grows thicker
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Atherosclerotic plaques and adhering platelets causes what
Inflammation. This makes them less stretchy, hardened
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Arteriosclerosis is the ____ of plaques
Hardening
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Atherosclerosis is the ____ of plaques
Creation
135
One cause of arteriosclerosis
Inflammation transform atheroma in a hard plaque
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Atherosclerosis creates ___ (verb tense)
Atheroma
136
If the atheroma becomes inflamed enough it can
Rupture
137
What happens when an atheroma plaque ruptures
It releases a fatty mass
138
Why is the release of a fatty mass really bad
It can block the small lumen of the arteries (heart attack)
139
The atheroma plaques causes coronary artery spasms because
Nitric oxide can not release
139
What is a name for the traveling fat clot
Fatty emboli
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What is nitric oxide use in the heart
A vasodilator
141
What is a vasodilator
Opens the lumen and makes blood move smoothly
142
What is angina pectoris
Intermittent chest pain in response to obstructed blood flow (ischemia) caused by plaques
143
Any obstruction of blood flow in the heart is called
Ischemia
144
When ischemia happens the heart muscles switch to
Anaerobic respiration
145
Why is anaerobic respiration in the heart bad
It creates lactic acid, which is what ultimately causes the pain (angina pectoris)
146
Myocardial infarction is what
Death of cells in the heart
147
Coronary bypass surgery
Uses a vein from saphenous vein or small thoracic arteries and make a balloon where a stent is inserted
148
Two majors things that cause high blood pressure and cholesterol
Weight, diet, and movement
149
Thebesian veins carry oxygen poor blood to the
Heart chambers
150
The coronary sinus carries the input from what three cardiac veins
Great cardiac, posterior interventricular, and left marginal veins
151
You want LDL cholesterol to be
Low
152
LDLs are
Protein coated cholesterol, free fatty acids, and phospholipids
153
Some people are born with dysfunction ldl receptors that cause
Cholesterol to accumulate
154
What stimulates inflammation in the atheroma
Immune cells
155
Who are silent heart attacks most common in
Diabetics and the elderly
156
Painless heart attacks are usually caused by
Disrupted electrical conduction pathways
157
What do disrupted electrical conduction pathways causes
Fibrillation and cardiac arrest
158
If a myocardial infarction occurs, it affects the artery and muscle it happened in AND
Every muscle cell downstream of the blockage
159
What are some Unavoidable risk factors for CAD (3)
Heredity, aging, being male
160
What are some PREVENTABLE risk factors for CAD
Obesity, smoking, activity, stress and anxiety, aggression, diet
