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chem > A&P Cardiac pt. 1 > Flashcards

A&P Cardiac pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Heart, blood vessels

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2
Q

Circulatory System

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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3
Q

Difference between cardiovascular system and circulatory system

A

Circulatory system includes blood

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4
Q

Circulatory System is divided into two segments. What are they

A

Pulmonary and systemic

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5
Q

Pulmonary circuit is what side of the heart

A

Right

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6
Q

Pulmonary circuit for the most part is (oxygen wise)

A

deoxygenated

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7
Q

The pulmonary circuit is mostly associated with

A

veins

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8
Q

What is the only deoxygenated artery

A

Pulmonary artery (trunk)

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9
Q

Systemic circuit is on what side of the heart

A

Left

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10
Q

Systemic circuit is associated with

A

Artery

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11
Q

The systemic circuit supplies ___

A

oxygen

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12
Q

When looking at a heart on paper is the systemic circuit on the left side of that paper

A

No its on the right

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13
Q

What is a mediastinum

A

The cavity between the lungs that holds the heart(and some other stuff)

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14
Q

Which lung is bigger than the other?

A

The right lung

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15
Q

Why is the right lung bigger

A

Because the mediastinum is at an angle, forcing the heart to be on an angle with the apex of the heart pushing into the left lung

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16
Q

The apex of the heart is on the ___ ___ side

A

bottom left

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17
Q

The base of the heart is on the ___ ___ side

A

top left side

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18
Q

The bottom of the heart is where the ___ are

A

ventricles

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19
Q

The top of the heart is where ___ are

A

atria

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20
Q

Separating the right and left atria is the

A

Interatrial septum

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21
Q

Separating the right and left ventricle is the

A

Interventricular septum

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22
Q

Why do we need those septums?

A

To prevent deoxygenated blood from meeting oxygenated blood

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23
Q

Do babies have a whole septum?

A

Nope. There’s a whole b/c they don’t breathe normally

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24
Q

What is the serous membrane?

A

A double layered membrane

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25
Q

Why does the serous membrane exist

A

To protect the movement of the heart from degrading surrounding structures

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25
Q

The pericardium holds the ___

A

Pericardial sac

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25
Q

Three main systems that use serous membranes

A

Heart, lungs, intestines

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26
Q

What is the serous membrane around the heart

A

Pericardium

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26
Q

What is the pericardium anchored to

A

The diaphragm inferiorly and sternum anteriorly

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27
Q

The pericardium has a top layer and a bottom layer. What is the superficial layer called

A

Parietal pericardium

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28
Q

The parietal pericardium has ____ ____ on the superficial side

A

Connective tissue

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29
Q

What is on the deep side of the parietal pericardium

A

serous layer

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30
Q

The pericardium has a top layer and a bottom layer. What is the deep layer called.

A

Visceral pericardium or epicardium

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31
Q

The deep layer of the pericardium has two names. What are they

A

Visceral pericardium and epicardium

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32
Q

The parietal pericardium and the visceral peri/epicardium are both a apart of what bigger structure

A

Serous membrane of the heart aka pericardium

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33
Q

Serous membrane is a blanket term for what

A

A double layered membrane

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34
Q

What is the pericardial cavity filled with

A

Pericardial fluid

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35
Q

What is the space of the serous double layered membrane called

A

Pericardial cavity

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36
Q

If the serous membrane covering the heart ,also known as the pericardium, gets inflamed what is that called

A

Pericarditis

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37
Q

What part of the word pericarditis means that it is inflamed

A

-itis

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38
Q

The visceral pericardium covers the heart. What is deep to the visceral peri/epicardium

A

Myocardium

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39
Q

____ lines the valves of the heart and lines the heart

A

Endocardium

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40
Q

The _____ lines the atria and ventricles

A

endocardium

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41
Q

The ___ lines the valves of the heart

A

Endocardium

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42
Q

95% of the heart is made of ____

A

Myocardium

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43
Q

Values and vessels are all endothelium. What is endothelium?

A

A monolayer of endothelial cells INSIDE the body

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44
Q

The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. What is the powerhouse of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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45
Q

The muscle of the heart (myocardium) takes on what shape?

A

A spiral

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46
Q

Why does the myocardium (the cardiac muscle) take on a spiral shape?

A

To help produce a “wringing” motion that moves blood through the circuits

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47
Q

The myocardium is the muscle of the heart that is made of ___ and ___ fibers

A

Collagenous and elastic

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48
Q

Why does the myocardium need a fibrous skeleton? (3. The 3 lame ones)

A

For structural support and so the muscle has somewhere to attach to. It also anchors valve tissue

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49
Q

The fibrous skeleton of the myocardium helps the ____ _____ between the atria and ventricles

A

Electrical insulation

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50
Q

Why do the sections of the heart need to be insulated from each other?

A

So the timing and coordination of contractile activity does not get messed up

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51
Q

The cardiac cycle is the process of __ heart___

A

1 heartbeat

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52
Q

Systole is ___

A

contraction

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53
Q

Diastole is ___

A

relaxation

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54
Q

When atria are in systole the ventricles are in___

A

Diastole

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55
Q

The interatrial septum is ___

A

The wall that serrates the atria

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56
Q

The pectinate muscle are in the ____

A

Myocardium

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57
Q

The pectinate muscles are in the ___ atrium and both ___

A

Right atrium and both auricles

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58
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Wall that separates the ventricles

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59
Q

Trabeculae carneae are ____ in ___ ventricles

A

Internal ridges in both ventricles

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60
Q

Why do trabeculae carneae exist?

A

The prevent ventricle wall from sticking together after contraction

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61
Q

The trabeculae carneae relates to what example that Prof. Wagener brought up

A

Smooth wet paper sticking together

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62
Q

The hole in the interatrial septum of the heart found in infants is called

A

Foramen ovale

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63
Q

When the opening in the interatrial septum called the foramen ovale closes, it leaves a scar called ___

A

Fossa Ovalis

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64
Q

Pectinate muscles and trabeculae carneae help to _____

A

Increase force of contraction

65
Q

Oricles are in the atria. The grooce under it between the atria and ventricle is called -__

A

Sulcus

66
Q

The sulcus divides the ___ and ___

A

atria and ventricles

67
Q

Major blood vessels are n the sulcus. This means the sulcus has ___ to protect it

A

Fat

68
Q

The sulcus has a atria version and a ventricle version. The atrial version is called

A

Atrioventricular sulcus

69
Q

The sulcus has a atria and ventricle version. The ventricles version is called the

A

Interventricular sulcus

70
Q

The sulci contain _____

A

Coronary arties

71
Q

What does “coronary artery” mean

A

Heart arteries. Arteries are a part of the systemic circuit.

72
Q

The ridges in the ventricles have a different name from the ridges in the atrium and auricles. Spell the ventricle one.

A

Trab-ecu-lae carn-eae

73
Q

The ridges in the ventricles have a different name from the ridges in the atrium and auricles. Spell the atria one.

A

Pectinate muscles

74
Q

If you see the auricle you have found what

A

The atria

75
Q

There are two types of valves. AV Valves and Semilunar. What do AV valves stand for

A

Atrioventricular Valves

76
Q

The AV valves are between the ____ and the ___

A

Atria and the ventricles

77
Q

AV valves have ____ ____ and are classified as bi___ and tri ____

A

Chordae Tendinea bicuspid and tricuspid

78
Q

Semilunar valves are between the ___ and the ____

A

Ventricles and the great artieries

79
Q

The semilunar valves open into the great arteries. What are the great arteries?

A

The aorta and the pulmonary artery

80
Q

Why is the pulmonary artery called an artery even though it has deoxygenated blood?

A

Because it is taking it AWAY from the heart.

81
Q

The AV valves close based on action from chordae tendinea. What moves the semilunar valves?

A

Blood flow and pressure based on systole and diastole of the ventricles

82
Q

There are two semilunar valves; one in each circuit. Name them.

A

Right circuit; Pulmonary semilunar valve. Left circuit; Aortic semilunar valve

83
Q

When the ventricles relax that is called

A

Diastole

84
Q

When the ventricles are in diastole, what do the semilunar valves do?

A

They close because the pressure is lower in the ventricles so the blood wants to rush there

85
Q

When the semilunar valves close during diastole what do the AV valves do?

A

Open

86
Q

When the ventricles contract that is called

A

Systole

87
Q

When the AV valves close that means the ventricle is in ____

A

systole

88
Q

When the ventricle is in systole, the semilunar valves are ____

A

Open

89
Q

5% of blood is recycled back to the heart through a process called ___ ___

A

Coronary circulation

90
Q

When is flow through the coronary arteries the greatest?

A

When the heart is relaxed

91
Q

When the heart is relaxed its “bigger”. So why does most coronary circulation happen then?

A

Because during contraction (systole) the myocardium compresses the arteries and stops flow

92
Q

Where are the opening to the coronary arteries found

A

In the pocket of the aortic valve flaps

93
Q

When the left ventricle is in systole, is blood getting into the coronary artery opening?

A

NOPE the pocket covers it

94
Q

Breakdown the term left coronary artery

A

Left in this case meaning left, coronary meaning heart ( by the heart for the heart) and artery meaning vessel that carries blood cells to the myocardium

95
Q

What artery does the left coronary artery branch off of

A

The ascending aorta

96
Q

the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) branches in what two branches

A

Anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch

97
Q

The anterior interventricular branch supplies what part of the heart

A

Both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum

98
Q

So the Anterior interventricular branch is mostly associated with

A

Ventricles and the interventricular septum

99
Q

The circumflex branch goes (left/right)

A

Left

100
Q

The circumflex branch further branches into the

A

Left marginal branch

101
Q

Where does the circumflex branch end

A

The posterior side of the heart

102
Q

What does the circumflex branch supply?

A

Left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle

103
Q

The circumflex branch name makes sense because it “flexes” and supplies both the

A

Left atrium and (posterior) left ventricle

104
Q

The right coronary artery (RCA) also branches off of the

A

ascending aorta

105
Q

The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies what

A

Right atrium and sinoatrial node

106
Q

Sinoatrial node is also called what

A

Pacemaker

107
Q

The RCA branches into what two branches

A

Right marginal branch and the posterior interventricular branch

108
Q

The right marginal branch supplies what

A

the lateral aspect of the right atrium and ventricle

109
Q

Unsurprisingly, The posterior interventricular branch supplies what

A

Posterior walls of the ventricles

110
Q

What is coronary artery diease

A

When the coronary arteries get constricted

111
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

An accumulation of lipid deposits that hurt the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen

112
Q

What is a lumen

A

The hole in the artery where blood passes

113
Q

What begins atherosclerosis

A

Endothelium damage

114
Q

What damages endothelium

A

Hypertension, diabetes etc

115
Q

What are monocytes

A

A type of white blood cell

116
Q

What role do monocytes play in coronary artery disease

A

They penetrate the walls of damaged vessels and transform into macrophages

117
Q

What do macrophages do in the vessel walls

A

Absorb cholesterol and fats into something called a foam cell

118
Q

What are foam cells

A

Macrophages that have absorbed cholesterol and fats

119
Q

What can foam cells grow into

A

Atherosclerotic plaques (atheromas)

120
Q

Another name for atherosclerotic plaques

A

Atheromas

121
Q

What happens to damaged areas of blood vessel walls

A

Platelets adhere to them and secrete a growth factor

122
Q

What does platelet derived growth factor attract

A

Immune cells, and mitosis of muscle and fibroblasts which deposit collagen

123
Q

What is the end result of platelet derived growth factor being secreted

A

A bulging mass grows and obstruct the arterial hole (lumen)

124
Q

What does coronary artery disease lead to

A

A heart attack

125
Q

Prostacyclin

A

A chemical secreted by the endothelium of the heart vessels that make them slippery

126
Q

Diabetes and high blood pressure make your blood not flow smoothly. What happens to the blood cells when that happen

A

They back up and increase the blood volume in the vessel. The vessel then stretches

127
Q

Macrophages are kind of like a ___

A

Vacuum cleaner. They absorb things

128
Q

When monocytes turn into macrophages, what do the macrophages do

A

They live in the vessel walls and take in fats

129
Q

The fatty masses that macrophages turn into as they absorb fat is called what

A

Plaques called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques

130
Q

When the endothelium are separated, platelets attach to the walls. They secrete a chemical that does what

A

Makes the muscle and collagen of the walls grow thicker,

131
Q

What ultimately happens when platelets adhere to the damaged walls

A

The mass grows thicker

132
Q

Atherosclerotic plaques and adhering platelets causes what

A

Inflammation. This makes them less stretchy, hardened

133
Q

Arteriosclerosis is the ____ of plaques

A

Hardening

134
Q

Atherosclerosis is the ____ of plaques

A

Creation

135
Q

One cause of arteriosclerosis

A

Inflammation transform atheroma in a hard plaque

136
Q

Atherosclerosis creates ___ (verb tense)

A

Atheroma

136
Q

If the atheroma becomes inflamed enough it can

A

Rupture

137
Q

What happens when an atheroma plaque ruptures

A

It releases a fatty mass

138
Q

Why is the release of a fatty mass really bad

A

It can block the small lumen of the arteries (heart attack)

139
Q

The atheroma plaques causes coronary artery spasms because

A

Nitric oxide can not release

139
Q

What is a name for the traveling fat clot

A

Fatty emboli

140
Q

What is nitric oxide use in the heart

A

A vasodilator

141
Q

What is a vasodilator

A

Opens the lumen and makes blood move smoothly

142
Q

What is angina pectoris

A

Intermittent chest pain in response to obstructed blood flow (ischemia) caused by plaques

143
Q

Any obstruction of blood flow in the heart is called

A

Ischemia

144
Q

When ischemia happens the heart muscles switch to

A

Anaerobic respiration

145
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration in the heart bad

A

It creates lactic acid, which is what ultimately causes the pain (angina pectoris)

146
Q

Myocardial infarction is what

A

Death of cells in the heart

147
Q

Coronary bypass surgery

A

Uses a vein from saphenous vein or small thoracic arteries and make a balloon where a stent is inserted

148
Q

Two majors things that cause high blood pressure and cholesterol

A

Weight, diet, and movement

149
Q

Thebesian veins carry oxygen poor blood to the

A

Heart chambers

150
Q

The coronary sinus carries the input from what three cardiac veins

A

Great cardiac, posterior interventricular, and left marginal veins

151
Q

You want LDL cholesterol to be

A

Low

152
Q

LDLs are

A

Protein coated cholesterol, free fatty acids, and phospholipids

153
Q

Some people are born with dysfunction ldl receptors that cause

A

Cholesterol to accumulate

154
Q

What stimulates inflammation in the atheroma

A

Immune cells

155
Q

Who are silent heart attacks most common in

A

Diabetics and the elderly

156
Q

Painless heart attacks are usually caused by

A

Disrupted electrical conduction pathways

157
Q

What do disrupted electrical conduction pathways causes

A

Fibrillation and cardiac arrest

158
Q

If a myocardial infarction occurs, it affects the artery and muscle it happened in AND

A

Every muscle cell downstream of the blockage

159
Q

What are some Unavoidable risk factors for CAD (3)

A

Heredity, aging, being male

160
Q

What are some PREVENTABLE risk factors for CAD

A

Obesity, smoking, activity, stress and anxiety, aggression, diet

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