Blood Flashcards
What are the parts of the circulatory system
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Cardiovascular system parts
ONLY heart and blood vessels
What is the study of blood called
Hematology
What are the three main functions of the circulatory system
Transport, protection, regulation
Of the three main functions of the circulatory system, what is the top one
TRANSPORT
What the circulatory system transport
O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, stem cells
What does the circulatory system protect against
Inflammation, limits infection, destroy toxic cells and toxins, initiate clotting
What does the circulatory system regulate
Fluid balance, pH, temperature
How many liter of blood does the average adult have
4-6 L
Blood is made of cells and extracellular matrix. What is blood considered to be (its weird)
A liquid connective tissue
Blood, a liquid connective tissue, has 2 main parts. What are they
Plasma and formed elements
What are the formed elements?
Blood cells, and cell fragments
What are the two types of blood cells
Red (erythrocytes) and white (leukocytes)
What are “cell fragments”
Platelets
What is a hematocrit
When blood is centrifuged into its separate parts
What is serum?
The remaining fluid when blood clots and solid are removed
What is serum, easy definition
Plasma without the fibrinogen
Albumins contribute to what
Osmolarity and viscosity
Globulins are what
antibodies
Fibrinogen is what
The threads before blood clots
Where are albumin and fibrinogen made
The liver
Where are globulins produced
Plasma cells (bc of their immune function)
Also in blood plasma besides the proteins are what (4)
Nitrogenous compounds, nutrients, o2 and co2, electrolytes
What electrolyte makes up 90% of plasma proteins
Sodium
Where do nitrogenous compounds in the blood plasma come from
Dietary protein, tissue breakdown, natural waste
How are nitrogenous compounds removed by the body
The kidneys
Viscosity is what
A resistance of a fluid to flow
If blood is TOO viscous why is that a problem
The heart has to work extra hard to push that sludge along
If there are not enough RBC the viscosity of the blood goes down. Why is that a problem?
The heart will begin to pump really quickly to try to circulate nutrients
Osmolarity refers to what
The big particles in blood that can NOT pass through the vessel wall
If osmolarity is high in the vessel, water will go
Into the vessel
Is osmolarity is high in the cell where will water go
In the cell
What is it called when water is drawn into the cells and stays there
Edema
If the blood has too much water what happens
High blood pressure
Hypoproteinemia is what type of protein deficiency
A deficiency in plasma proteins
What causes a deficiency of plasma proteins
Starvation, liver/kidney disease, serve burns
Kwashiorkor is what kind of protein deficiency
Dietary protein deficiency
If you have kwashiorkor, why does it make sense that your tummy would be swollen?
Tissue edema caused by low osmolarity in the blood
What is hemopoisis
The production of blood (and its formed elements)
Hemopoietic tissues do what
Produce blood cells
What makes babies first blood cell
The yolk sac
In the womb, what organs help make blood cells
Bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus
The liver stops making blood at birth. The spleen continues in a special case of
lymphocyte production
Where are blood cells produced
Red bone marrow
What cells are in the red bone marrow that start the process of rbc production
Pluripotent stem cells
After pluripotent stem cells, what do they turn into
Colony-forming units
A colony forming unit is what
A specialized stem cell that produces one type of formed element
Myeloid hemopoiesis happens where
In the bone marrow
Lymphoid hemopoiesis happens where
The lymphatic organs
Two main functions of erythrocytes
Carry ocygen and pick up co2. TRANSPORT
Name some important reasons that the red blood cell is disc shaped
It helps them layer and stack if they get behind, they can bend to fit into vessels they are bigger than, increases surface area
Red blood cells carry oxygen in their heme group. How does this effect what organelles they carry
No mitochondria because that takes oxygen and no nucleus or dna because those take oxygen
Carbonic anhydrase in the cytoplasm does what
Makes carbonic acid from CO2 and water to balence pH
Average lifespan of a RBC
120 days
Where do RBC’s die (mostly)
The spleen
If a drop in RBC occurs, what organ stimulates erythropoiesis
The kidney
What are some reasons that the kidneys may increase erythropoiesis
Increase in exercise, low o2, increase in exercise, loss of lung tissue
When RBCs rupture it is called what
Hemolysis
What is in the spleen that digests dead rbc
Macrophages
What do macrophages do to the heme group
Separates it from the protein globin
What happens after the heme group is removed from the globin
The iron is removed from the heme
Heme pigment turns into what
biliverdin
Biliverdin is converted into what
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is leftover after a heme group is destroyed. Who removes bilirubin
The liver
Why is your pee yellow
Bilirubin is released by kidneys a little bit
When the liver removes bilirubin, where does it go
The gallbladder
In the gallbladder, bacteria eat the billirubin creating what
Urobilinogen
Why is feces brown
Urobilinogen
What happens to the released globin
It is hydrolyzed into free amino acids
Polycythemia is what
An excess of RBC’s
Primary polycythemia is called what
Polycythemia vera
Polycythemia vera is caused by what
Cancer of red bone marrow
Secondary polycythemia is caused by what
Dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, exercise
Three causes of anemia
Inadequate erythropoiesis; Hemorrhagic anemias; hemolytic anemias
Inadequate erythropoiesis is caused by what
Kidney failure, iron-deficiency, pernicious anemia
Pernicious anemia means what
Can not absorb B12
Hemorrhagic anemia is caused by what
Bleeding
Hemolytic anemia is caused by what
RBC destruction
Three consequences of anemia
Tissue hypoxia and necrosis; blood osmolarity reduction; low blood viscosity
Blood osmolarity being reduced leads to what
Tissue edema
Sickle-cell disease is what
A weird looking moon shaped blood cell
Why is sickle-cell so bad?
Oxygen can not bind well to it
What else happens to rbc during sickel-cell
The rbc clump together and block small vessels
BUT if you are heterozygotes of sickle cell you are a super hero. Why?
Enough healthy rbc to live, enough sickle cell to resist malaria
Antigens are what
Molecules on a proteins surface that activate an immune response
Antibodies do what
Bind to antigens and get rid of them
Why are antigens a good thing?
They distinguish against foreign mater from self
To be more spefec, antigens on the blood cell are called
Agglutinogens
Who makes antibodies
Plasma cells
Antibodies of the blood are called
Agglutinins
Agglutination is what
A fatal clumping of red blood cells when an antibody binds to an antigen
Rh factor is a type of __ on the blood
Agglutinogen (antigen)
Formed elements of blood means what
Thrombocytes, leukocytes, erythrocytes
What are basophils associated with
inflammation
Neutrophils are associated with ___ illness
Bacterial
Monocytes are associated with illness___
Viral infection
What is the granule on a granulocytes
The lysosome
