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A level Geography - Physical > The Concepts of Hazards > Flashcards

The Concepts of Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hazard

A

A perceived natural event that has the potential to threaten both life and property

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2
Q

Define risk

A

The probability of a hazard occurring and creating a loss of lives/livelihoods

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3
Q

Define natural hazards

A

A natural event which is not human related

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4
Q

Define disaster

A

Significant impact on a vulnerable population when a hazard`causes significant damage (becomes a reality)

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5
Q

Define risk assessment

A

The likelihood of harm/damage.

Probability of the event occurring + severity if it does

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6
Q

Define resilience

A

The degree to which the population of an environment can absorb a hazardous event and remain in the same state of organisation

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7
Q

Define vulnerability

A

The risk of exposure to hazards, combined with an inability to cope with them

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8
Q

Give some examples of geophysical hazards

A 
Avalanches 
Tsunami 
Landslides 
Rockfalls 
Volcano 
Earthquakes
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9
Q

Give some examples of atmospheric hazards

A 
Hail storms 
Hurricanes 
Lightening 
Tornadoes 
Tropical storms 
Drought 
Blizzard
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10
Q

Give some examples of hydrological hazards

A 
Costal flooding 
Desertification 
Drought 
River flooding 
Storm surges
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11
Q

Give 4 common characteristics natural hazards share

A

Each has clear origins and distinctive effects

Little/no warning

Exposure to risk may be involuntary

Most damage occurs shortly after the hazard, but the impacts may last long into the future

Their scale + impact requires immediate response

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12
Q

Give some differences between natural hazards

A

Impacts are very different due to a number of factors

Some we can mitigate and manage - others we cannot

Time scale often very different

People’s perception of the hazard can be very different

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13
Q

Give 2 underlying causes of vulnerability

A

Poverty - limited access to power, infrastructure and resources
Failing political, social and economic systems

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14
Q

Explain how a hazard becomes a disaster

A
  • When it meets a population, particularly one that’s vulnerable
  • Vulnerability has a distinct correlation to the economic circumstances of a country as it impacts the population’s + governments ability to cope and respond. Also links to quality of infrastructure
  • The second aspect to vulnerability is based on geographical location and the likelihood of exposures to hazards/range of hazards
  • The population density should also be considered - it is no coincidence that some of the worlds poorest countries have the highest population densities and are also at risk for a higher range of natural hazards

Japan = MEDC with 11th highest population yet is a wealthy country exposed to a number of hazards but is well prepared and responds well to them

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15
Q

Give 11 factors that will influence the relationship between a hazard and a disaster

A 
Social Factors
Speed of onset 
Magnitude 
Areal extent 
Duration 
Frequency 
Environmental 
Technological factors 
Economic factors
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16
Q

How will magnitude influence the relationship between hazard and a disaster

A

Hugely affects the amount of damage caused

17
Q

How does duration influence the relationship between hazard and a disaster

A

The longer the duration of the hazard, the more damage is likely to occur as the more opportunity there is for the wider area to be affected and greater number of people impacted

18
Q

How does areal extent influence the relationship between hazard and a disaster

A

Widespread hazard will easily turn into a disaster if the area is not contained + assistance offered

19
Q

How does speed of onset influence the relationship between hazard and a disaster

A

Disaster is more Riley to occur if peak of hazard is sooner as governments have less time to react

20
Q

How do environmental factors influence the relationship between hazard and a disaster

A

Land, soil types + surrounding typography can increase the severity of a disaster initially by worsening the impacts with response more difficult. Floods = impermeable land

21
Q

How do social factors influence the relationship between hazard and a disaster

A

Higher population densities = more people affected. Education minimalists the loss of life as people know what to do. Younger people more able to escape, reducing disaster impact

22
Q

How do political factors influence the relationship between hazard and a disaster

A

Corruption can exacerbate hazards as governments can take advantage of public resources for private gain, by diverting the valuable resources the population needs to recover

23
Q

How do technological factors influence the relationship between hazard and a disaster

A

Better technology makes it easier to predict a disaster from a hazard as technology can predict its severity

24
Q

How can economic factors influence the relationship between hazard and a disaster

A

The wealthier the country, the lesser the impact because protective measures such as tsunami walls will be more widespread (Japan).

25
Q

Give 7 factors that affect people’s perception of hazards

A 
Socio-economic status 
Level of eduction 
Employment 
Religion 
Past experiences 
Personality 
Geographic location
26
Q

How does socio-economic status, education and employment affect people’s perception of hazards

A

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
- Lower socio-economic development could make it harder to recover what was lost - people more frightened

EDUCATION
- More educated people know how to respond effectively - fewer deaths and higher confidence

EMPLOYMENT STATUS
- Safety procedures the workplace will help further educate people. Employed will have income, which means they are able to support themselves better in the aftermath of a disaster

27
Q

How does religion, past experiences, and personality affect people’s perceptions of hazards

A

RELIGION

  • Can provide hope and relief
  • Some cultures may be used to natural disaster, less negative perceptions
  • Some believe its a act of god

PAST EXPERIENCES

  • Experiencing an event before means you know how to react and are less scared of it happening agains. For some it may be a large part in everyday life
  • However, loss a loved one or a damaged home will develop negative connotations

PERSONALITY
- Positive people are more likely to see the benefits and less likely to dwell on the negatives

28
Q

Give 3 types of human responses to hazards

A

Fatalism
Adaption
Fear

29
Q

What is fatalism

A

Do nothing and accept that hazards are an ‘Act of God’

30
Q

What is adaption

A

Accept that hazards are inevitable and adopt human behaviour accordingly

31
Q

What is fear

A

Live in distress and panic about the risk of a.hazard

32
Q

What is mitigation

A

Prevention methods

33
Q

What is management

A

Stronger management strategies in place to ensure that communities are well prepared + response to teams are ready to respond

34
Q

What is risk sharing

A

Share the risk/impacts between governs and country Ensure that the risk of the impact is shared amongst populations

35
Q

In 2013, natural disaster displaced more people than….

A

War

36
Q

What does the Peak disaster model show

A

The stages and processes of state reaction and response to a disaster in chronological stages.

Shows the effect of a hazard on quality of life over sequence of time

37
Q

What are the strengths of the Peak disaster model

A
  • Adapted to compare different hazards

- Visualise how badly a country was impacted by the event + long term effects of them

38
Q

What are the limitations of the Peak disaster model

A

No clear time scale - weeks, months, years

No statistics, hard to compare with similar events

Ambiguous in type of disaster occurred

A level Geography - Physical (19 decks)

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