The CNS Part II

Question 1

What is Dementia?

Answer 1

it is a major neurodegenerative disorder

where there is a decline in cognition in one or more cognitive domains

Question 2

What is Alzheimer Disease (AD)?

Answer 2

It’s when there is Essential neuropathologic changes. Such as Neuritic plaques,
Extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, and neurofibrillary tangles (tau proteins)

Question 3

What is the pathogenesis of AD?

Answer 3

Amyloid beta peptides (amyloid precursor protein, mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) or presenilin 2 (PSEN2) producing amyloid beta), Tau, and Basis for cognitive impairment

Question 4

What is a symptoms of AD?

Answer 4

Cardinal clinical symptoms (memory impairment)

Question 5

What is Parkinson Disease (PD)?

Answer 5

It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder

Question 6

What is the pathophysiology of PD?

Answer 6

Dopamine depletion in basal ganglia results in increased inhibition of the thalamus causing bradykinesia, Compensatory mechanisms, excitation resulting in hyperkinetic movement

Question 7

What is Compensatory Mechanisms in PD?

Answer 7

Compensating for the dopamine depletion during the pre-symptomatic period

Question 8

What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

Answer 8

It is a heterogeneous disorder with variable clinical and pathologic features,
Demyelination (inflammation) or dysmyelination (genetic disease)

Question 9

What is the pathogenesis of MS?

Answer 9

Immunopathology (inflammatory immune-mediated disorder, microglia form a complex with the activated T cells), Alternative theories

Question 10

What are the Patterns of MS?

Answer 10

Clinically isolated syndromes (CIS)
Relapsing-remitting (RR)
Primary progressive (PP)
Secondary progressive (SP)

Question 11

What is Clinically isolated syndromes (CIS)?

Answer 11

It’s the attack of a disease with inflammatory demyelination but has yet to fulfill MS diagnostic criteria

Question 12

What is Relapsing-remitting (RR)?

Answer 12

It is full or incomplete recovery

Question 13

What Is Primary progressive (PP)?

Answer 13

It is a progressive accumulation of disability

Question 14

What is Secondary progressive (SP)?

Answer 14

It’s initial RR disease course followed by gradual worsening

Question 15

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

Answer 15

it is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes muscle weakness

Question 16

What is the pathology of ALS?

Answer 16

Intracellular inclusions, motor neuron degeneration and death, spinal cord becomes atrophic, muscles show denervation atrophy

Question 17

What is the list of brain tumors?

Answer 17

Gliomas, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), Meningioma, Metastatic Tumors

Question 18

What is Gilomas?

Answer 18

It is a primary brain tumor, generally affects the cerebrum

Question 19

What is Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)?

Answer 19

Glioblastoma is a high-grade glioma, IDH and its link to gliomas, accumulation of the onco-metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG),

Question 20

What is Meningioma?

Answer 20

It is a benign tumor, a risk factor is prior radiation therapy

Question 21

What are clinical features of Meningioma?

Answer 21

headache and weakness in an arm or leg, express progesterone receptors

Question 22

What is Metastatic Brain Tumors?

Answer 22

most common brain tumor in adults, circulating tumor cells using the bloodstream or lymph system

Question 23

What are clinical features of Metastatic Brain Tumors?

Answer 23

Headache, Focal neurologic dysfunction, Cognitive dysfunction

Question 24

What are the clinical features of ALS?

Answer 24

weakness with slowness, hyperreflexia and spasticity (upper motor neuron), weakness, atrophy and fasciculations (lower motor neuron)

Question 25

What are Clinical Features of PD?

Answer 25

Cardinal manifestations such as Tremor, Bradykinesia, Rigidity, and Postural instability