Neoplasia Part 1 Flashcards
What is the Tumors Classification for Benign?
- Have “innocent” behavior
- Localized lesions
- Without spread
- Patient survival (typically)
- Surgically removable
What is the Tumors Classification for Malignant?
- Aka “cancer”
- Aggressive behavior
- Metastasis
What is the Tumors’ Basic Components, and its clinical significance?
- Neoplastic cells
- Supporting stroma
an important influence on themalignancy outcome and
treatment responses
What is Neoplastic cells?
constituting the tumor parenchyma
What is Supporting stroma?
tumor blood and lymphatic vessels, ECM (collagen and hyaluronic acid) and stromal cell
What is Vascular normalization strategy?
Anti-angiogenic treatment reduces the pore sizes-> improves perfusion->improves the delivery of drugs
What is Stress alleviation strategy?
Reopens compressed tumor blood vessels ->improves the delivery of drugs
What is Metaplasia?
replacement of one cell type with another cell type
What is Dysplasia?
loss of cellular uniformity and architectural organization
What is Carcinoma in situ?
marked dysplastic changes involving the entire thickness of the epithelium
What is differentiation?
how closely tumor cells histologically and functionally resemble their normal cell counterpart
What are the Pathways of tumor spread?
Seeding of body cavities and surfaces, Lymphatic spread, and Hematogenous spread
What is tumor metastatic tropism?
a tumors tendency to metastasize to specific organs
What does Primary colon cancer do?
mainly metastasizes to liver due to the portal vein drainage from the colon directly into the liver
What is Acquired Predisposing Factors in Cancer?
Chronic inflammation, Precursor lesions, and Immunodeficiency states
What do Tumor suppressor genes do?
it slows down cell divisions, repair DNA mistakes and activate apoptosis
What is the loss of heterozygosity (LOH)?
it’s the mutation of both alleles of tumor suppressor genes are needed for carcinogenesis
What are the tumor suppressor genes?
RB and P53
What are the Hallmarks for Tumor-Promoting Inflammation?
- Balance between immuno-surveillance and tumor-promoting inflammation
- Therapy-induced inflammation
What are the Hallmarks for Activating Invasion & Metastasis?
Metastatic Cascade (Invasion of ECM)
What is the Invasion of ECM?
- Detachment and loosening of intracellular junctions
- ECM degradation by proteases
- Migration: tumor cells have increased motion due to cytokines and motility factors
What is Angiogenesis?
new blood vessel growth
Cells that have a predominance of proapoptotic proteins are considered what?
primed for apoptosis
Tumor cells that have a predominance of antiapoptotic proteins are relatively what?
unprimed
Mutations convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes, what is Oncogenes?
are genes that promote autonomous (abnormal) cell growth
What is Radiation
Carcinogenesis?
- UV Rays of sunlight
- Ionizing Radiations
What is Ionizing Carcinogenesis?
- Damage the nucleotides or DNA sugar component
- Strand breaks in DNA
- Indirect DNA damage by increasing ROS in a cell
What is Telomerase?
is an enzyme that builds telomeres on the end of the chromosomes
