Neoplasia Part 1

Question 1

What is the Tumors Classification for Benign?

Answer 1

• Have “innocent” behavior
• Localized lesions
• Without spread
• Patient survival (typically)
• Surgically removable

Question 2

What is the Tumors Classification for Malignant?

Answer 2

• Aka “cancer”
• Aggressive behavior
• Metastasis

Question 3

What is the Tumors’ Basic Components, and its clinical significance?

Answer 3

1. Neoplastic cells
2. Supporting stroma

an important influence on themalignancy outcome and
treatment responses

Question 4

What is Neoplastic cells?

Answer 4

constituting the tumor parenchyma

Question 5

What is Supporting stroma?

Answer 5

tumor blood and lymphatic vessels, ECM (collagen and hyaluronic acid) and stromal cell

Question 6

What is Vascular normalization strategy?

Answer 6

Anti-angiogenic treatment reduces the pore sizes-> improves perfusion->improves the delivery of drugs

Question 7

What is Stress alleviation strategy?

Answer 7

Reopens compressed tumor blood vessels ->improves the delivery of drugs

Question 8

What is Metaplasia?

Answer 8

replacement of one cell type with another cell type

Question 9

What is Dysplasia?

Answer 9

loss of cellular uniformity and architectural organization

Question 10

What is Carcinoma in situ?

Answer 10

marked dysplastic changes involving the entire thickness of the epithelium

Question 11

What is differentiation?

Answer 11

how closely tumor cells histologically and functionally resemble their normal cell counterpart

Question 12

What are the Pathways of tumor spread?

Answer 12

Seeding of body cavities and surfaces, Lymphatic spread, and Hematogenous spread

Question 13

What is tumor metastatic tropism?

Answer 13

a tumors tendency to metastasize to specific organs

Question 14

What does Primary colon cancer do?

Answer 14

mainly metastasizes to liver due to the portal vein drainage from the colon directly into the liver

Question 15

What is Acquired Predisposing Factors in Cancer?

Answer 15

Chronic inflammation, Precursor lesions, and Immunodeficiency states

Question 16

What do Tumor suppressor genes do?

Answer 16

it slows down cell divisions, repair DNA mistakes and activate apoptosis

Question 17

What is the loss of heterozygosity (LOH)?

Answer 17

it’s the mutation of both alleles of tumor suppressor genes are needed for carcinogenesis

Question 18

What are the tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 18

RB and P53

Question 19

What are the Hallmarks for Tumor-Promoting Inflammation?

Answer 19

• Balance between immuno-surveillance and tumor-promoting inflammation
• Therapy-induced inflammation

Question 20

What are the Hallmarks for Activating Invasion & Metastasis?

Answer 20

Metastatic Cascade (Invasion of ECM)

Question 21

What is the Invasion of ECM?

Answer 21

• Detachment and loosening of intracellular junctions
• ECM degradation by proteases
• Migration: tumor cells have increased motion due to cytokines and motility factors

Question 22

What is Angiogenesis?

Answer 22

new blood vessel growth

Question 23

Cells that have a predominance of proapoptotic proteins are considered what?

Answer 23

primed for apoptosis

Question 24

Tumor cells that have a predominance of antiapoptotic proteins are relatively what?

Answer 24

unprimed

Question 25

Mutations convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes, what is Oncogenes?

Answer 25

are genes that promote autonomous (abnormal) cell growth

Question 26

What is Radiation

Carcinogenesis?

Answer 26

• UV Rays of sunlight

- Ionizing Radiations

Question 27

What is Ionizing Carcinogenesis?

Answer 27

• Damage the nucleotides or DNA sugar component
• Strand breaks in DNA
• Indirect DNA damage by increasing ROS in a cell

Question 28

What is Telomerase?

Answer 28

is an enzyme that builds telomeres on the end of the chromosomes