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Pathophysiology spring 2020 > The CNS Part I > Flashcards

The CNS Part I Flashcards

1
Q

What is Neuroglia astrocytes?

A

It acts as a metabolic buffers and detoxifies, and acute cell injury causing cellular swelling

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2
Q

What is Neuroglia oligodendrocytes?

A

It produces myelin, and injury of oligodendrocytes is a feature of acquired
demyelinating disorders

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3
Q

What is Neuroglia Ependymal cells?

A

It produces CSF

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4
Q

What are the major levels of CNS?

A
  • Lower Brain or Subcortical Level
  • Higher Brain or Cortical Level
  • Spinal Cord Level
  • Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
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5
Q

What role does the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) play?

A

relays stimulations from environmental stimuli to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex

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6
Q

What role does the Spinal Cord Level play?

A

the upper levels of the nervous system sends signals to the control centers of the cord

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7
Q

What role does the Higher Brain or Cortical Level play?

A

without the cerebral cortex, the functions of the lower brain centers are not often accurate

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8
Q

What role does the Lower Brain or Subcortical Levelplay?

A

subconscious activities of the body are controlled in the lower areas of the brain

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9
Q

What is the Normal Physiology of CSF?

A
  • CSF production

- CSF functions

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10
Q

What is CSF production?

A

by the choroid plexus of each ventricle

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11
Q

What is CSF functions?

A

flow between the cranium and spine and compensate for changes in intracranial blood volume. Also the balance between production and absorption of CSF is critically important

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12
Q

What are is a Barrier Systems and, what are the different types of barriers?

A

It is a selectively inhibit certain potentially harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain or CSF

Blood-brain barrier (BBB), Blood-CSF barrier

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13
Q

What is Blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

A

a series tight junctions between endothelial cells and astrocytes with processes on capillary walls

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14
Q

What is Blood-CSF barrier?

A

formed by tight junctions between choroid epithelial cells

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15
Q

What is Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?

A

The pressure inside the cranial cavity, normally ≤15 mmHg

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16
Q

What is ICP/Cerebral Blood Flow/Autoregulation?

A

erebral blood flow (CBF) is maintained at a relatively constant level, within a mean arterial pressure range of 60 to 150 mmHg. At about 180 mmHg the autoregulation fails causing cerebral edema and increased ICP

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17
Q

What is the formula of CBF?

A

CBF = (CAP - JVP) ÷ CVR

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18
Q

What are two major cause’s of Elevated ICP?

A
  • Vasogenic edema

- Cytotoxic edema

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19
Q

What are the Clinical Manifestations of Elevated ICP?

A

Global symptoms (Headache, Decreased consciousness, Vomiting), Focal symptoms (Herniation)

20
Q

What is Herniation and, what is Tonsillar herniation?

A

the displacement of brain tissue through openings in the skull, compromises vital respiratory and cardiac centers in the medulla

21
Q

What is the Pathophysiology of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)?

A
  • Idiopathic NPH

- Secondary NPH

22
Q

What is NPH?

A

it is a form of communicating hydrocephalus

23
Q

What is the Clinical Triad of NPH?

A

Gait difficulty

24
Q

Nomenclatures of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury?

A
  • Minimally conscious state
  • Persistent vegetated state (PVS)
  • Coma
  • Brain death
25
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

TIA is transient episode of neurologic abnormalities caused by focal brain or spinal cord without acute infarction, ischemic stroke is infarction of brain or spinal cord death due to ischemia, based on neuropathologic, neuroimaging and/or clinical evidence of permanent injury

26
Q

What is the mechanisms of Ischemic Cell Injury and Death?

A
  • parenchyma (core) undergoes immediate death

- injured with potential to recover (penumbra)

27
Q

What’s the common etiology of Spontaneous ICH?

A

Hypertensive vascular abnormalities

28
Q

What are types of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH)?

A
  • Subarachnoid hematoma (SAH)
  • Subdural hematoma (SDH) (bridging veins)
  • Epidural hematoma (EDH) AKA extradural hematoma
29
Q

Where can brain parenchyma may be?

A
  • in the frontal lobe: clinically silent
  • severely in the spinal cord: disabling
  • in the brainstem: fatal
30
Q

What is the list of GCS score for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

A
  • 13 to 15 (mild traumatic brain injury)
  • 9 to 12 (moderate)
  • 8 or less (severe)
31
Q

What is the Pathophysiology of TBI?

A

Primary brain Injury occurs at time of trauma causes Tissue shearing at diffuse axonal injury (DAI), Resulted damage Focal cerebral contusions, Secondary brain Injury

32
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Acute Mild TBI vs Concussion?

A

Causes neurological changes that reflects functional injury rather than structural one

33
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Acute Mild TBI vs Concussion?

A

Confusion and amnesia

34
Q

What are contusions?

A

are areas of injury with localized ischemia, edema and mass effect

35
Q

What is a concussion?

A

wide reaching injury

36
Q

What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Neuropathology?

A

There is superficial cortical layers

37
Q

What are the clinical features of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)?

A 
Cognitive impairments (memory and executive function)
Behavior abnormalities (Aggression, paranoia, impulsivity)
Mood disorders (Depression, anxiety, suicidality)
38
Q

What are the open and closed defects of Spinal dysraphism?

A

Myelomeningocele, Closed spinal dysraphism

39
Q

What is Cerebral Palsy?

A

permanent non-progressive central motor dysfunction that affect muscle tone, posture and movement

40
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Palsy?

A

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (necrosis of the white matter), commonly occurs in occurs in premature infants

41
Q

What happens if an individual develops a CNS Infections?

A

may damage the nervous system, microbes access the CNS by Hematogenous spread

42
Q

What is Pathogenesis of Bacterial Meningitis?

A
  • Colonization and invasion
  • Intravascular survival
  • Inflammatory response
43
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Aseptic Meningitis?

A

similar presentation to that of bacterial meningitis, but it’s self-limited

44
Q

What are the Features and the Pathophysiology of MeClinicalningitis?

A

Fever, headache, stiff neck, altered mental status, nausea and vomiting

45
Q

What is Aseptic Meningitis?

A

patients who have clinical and laboratory evidence for meningeal inflammation with negative routine bacterial cultures

46
Q

What is Meningitis?

A

inflammatory of the leptomeninges

47
Q

What is Neural Tube Defects (NTDS)?

A

are one of the most common congenital anomalies and are the cause of chronic disability

Pathophysiology spring 2020 (5 decks)

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