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The Circulatory System Flashcards

REVISE TABLE 8.1 WITH TYPES OF WBCs

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1
Q

three principal fluids of body

A
  1. blood
  2. tissue fluid
  3. lymph
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2
Q

pH of blood

A

7.3 to 7.45

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3
Q

main functions of blood

A
  1. transport
  2. protection
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4
Q

transport by blood

A
  1. digested food
  2. oxygen
  3. carbon dioxide
  4. excretory material
  5. distribution of hormones
  6. distribution of heat
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5
Q

protection by blood

A
  1. forms a clot when there is a cut in blood vessels
  2. WBCs engulf bacteria which may have entered the body
  3. produces antitoxins and antibodies
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6
Q

components of plasma

A

water
proteins
inorganic salts
others- glucose, amino acids, fibrinogen, hormones, urea

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7
Q

inorganic salts in plasma

A

sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate

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8
Q

where are RBCs produced

A

ribs, breast bone, ilium of hip girdle

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9
Q

where are RBCs produced in embryo

A

liver and spleen

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10
Q

RBCs are deficient of

A
  1. nucleus- to accommodate more oxygen
  2. mitochondria- cannot use oxygen for themselves , and glucose
  3. endoplasmic reticulum- increased flexibility for movement through narrow capillaries
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11
Q

Polycythaemia

A

abnormally increased number of RBCs

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12
Q

Erythropenia

A

abnormally decreased number of RBCs

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13
Q

define diapedesis

A

squeezing of RBCs through capillary walls and into tissues

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14
Q

where are WBCs produced

A

red bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver and spleen

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15
Q

define Leukemia

A

cancer of the tissue forming WBCs who number increases at the cost of RBCs.

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16
Q

Leukopenia

A

abnormal decrease in WBCs

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17
Q

functions of WBCs

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. inflammation
  3. formation of antibodies
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18
Q

define phagocytosis

A

neutrophiles engulf particle-like solid substances, especially bacteria

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19
Q

define pus

A

mainly composed of dead white blood cells together with the tissue cells destroyed by the bacteria

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20
Q

formation of platelets

A

some giant cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow
destroyed in the spleen

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21
Q

location of spleen

A

in the abdomen

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22
Q

chemical that initiates clotting of blood (COAGULATION)

A

thrombokinase

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23
Q

which vitamin is essential for prothrombin

A

vit K (fat-soluble)

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24
Q

define antigens

A

RBCs have special proteins on their surface called antigens. plasma contains antibodies, with respect to the antigen present.

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25
Q

location of the heart

A

in the centre between two lungs, above the diaphragm

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26
Q

define pericardium

A

the double-walled membrane protecting and covering the heart. pericardial fluid protects the heart from friction and mechanical injuries

27
Q

why do ventricles have thick muscular walls

A

because they have to pump blood to long distances

28
Q

blood vessels entering the heart

A
  1. superior vena cava
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. pulmonary vein
29
Q

blood vessels leaving the heart

A
  1. pulmonary artery (right ventricle)
  2. aorta (left ventricle)
30
Q

location of coronary artery

A

arising from base of aorta

31
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

32
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain due to insufficient supply of blood to heart muscle

33
Q

function of coronary artery

A

supply blood to muscles of the heart

34
Q

four valves in heart

A
  1. right atrio-ventricular valve (tricuspid)
  2. left atrio-ventricular valve (bicuspid)
  3. pulmonary semilunar valve
  4. aortic semilunar valves
35
Q

define chordae tendinae

A

apices of the flaps of tricuspid valve are held in position by these tendinous chords, arising from muscular projections of the ventricle wall known as papillary muscles

36
Q

location of pulmonary semilunar valve

A

opening of right ventricle into the pulmonary artery (3)

37
Q

location of aortic semilunar valve

A

point of origin of aorta from left ventricle (3)

38
Q

steps of heartbeat

A

atria contracts first, followed by ventricular contraction.
systole- contract
diastole- relax

39
Q

define joint diastole

A

at the end of ventricular systole, ventricles start in diastole. at the same time, atria also relaxes. both atria and ventricles are in relaxed state together

40
Q

location of sino-atrial node

A

walls of the right auricle, near opening of superior vena cava

41
Q

location of atrio-ventricular node

A

near the interauricular septum near the tricuspid valve

42
Q

location of bundle of HIS

A

begins from AVN and extends to interventricular septum

43
Q

define purkinje fibres

A

bundle of HIS consists of branches of fibres running along the wall of the ventricle, which creates an impulse and conducts it to every part of the heart

44
Q

define artery

A

a blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart and towards any organ

45
Q

characteristics of artery

A
  1. thick muscular walls
  2. narrow lumen
  3. blood flows in spurts
46
Q

characteristics of vein

A
  1. thin muscular walls
  2. a wider lumen
  3. blood flows uniformly
  4. thin pocket-shaped valves to prevent backflow
47
Q

characteristics of capillary

A
  1. wall has a single layer of squamous epithelial cells
48
Q

functions of capillaries

A
  1. allow outward diffusion of oxygen into intercellular fluid to tissue cells
  2. allow inward diffusion of carbon dioxide from intercellular fluid
  3. allow inward and outward diffusion of substances like glucose, amino acids, urea, hormones
  4. allow leukocytes to squeeze out through capillary walls
49
Q

define venule

A

the smallest united common branch of a capillary

50
Q

define portal vein

A

one which starts with capillaries, and also ends in capillaries

51
Q

hepatic portal system

A

veins from the stomach and intestines enter the liver as a combined hepatic portal vein. here it breaks into capillaries , and on their reunion, forms hepatic vein which joins the inferior vena cava

52
Q

use of hepatic portal system

A
  1. glycogenesis (excess sugar stored in liver as glycogen)
  2. deamination (excess amino acids are broken down, nitrogen containing parts are separated, and the remaining is stored as glycogen)
  3. detoxification
53
Q

define pulse

A

alternate expansion and elastic recoil of the wall of the artery during ventricular systole

54
Q

define blood pressure

A

the pressure which the blood flowing through the arteries exerts on their walls

55
Q

normal blood pressure for adults

A

100-140 mm (systolic)
60-80 mm (diastolic)

56
Q

hypertension

A

rise in blood pressure above 140/90

57
Q

what is tissue fluid

A

when blood flows in the capillaries of the tissues, plasma and leukocytes leak out through their walls. fluid bathes the cells. cells absorb oxygen from this fluid, and give out CO2 and other wastes

58
Q

what is lymph

A

some of the tissue fluid may be reabsorbed into the blood vessels, but most of it enters minute channels called lymph vessels

59
Q

composition of lymph

A
  1. only leukocytes (no RBCs or platelets)
  2. water
  3. solids like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, enzymes
60
Q

functions of lymph

A
  1. nutritive
  2. drainage (excess tissue fluid and proteins back to the blood)
  3. absorption (fats from intestines are absorbed by lacteals in intestinal villi)
  4. defence (lymphocytes and monocytes)
61
Q

example of lymph glands

A

tonsils on the sides of the neck

62
Q

location of spleen

A

in the abdomen, behind stomach, above left kidney
reddish brown in colour

63
Q

functions of spleen

A
  1. blood reservoir, releases stored blood into the stream
  2. produces lymphocytes
  3. destroys worn-out RBCs
  4. in an embryo, produces RBCs

Biology (15 decks)

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