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Biology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define reproduction

A

process of formation of individuals by sexual and asexual means, which can repeat the process in their own turn

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2
Q

primary reproductive parts

A

gonads- testes and ovaries which produce gametes

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3
Q

accessory reproductive parts

A

structures, ducts, glands which help in transfer and meeting of gametes leading to fertilisation

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4
Q

location of testes

A

oval organs, contained in a thin-walled sac of skin called scrotum
in embryonic stage- within abdomen

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5
Q

high temp effect on sperms

A

high temperature inside body does not permit maturation of sperms

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6
Q

structure of testis

A

encased in a capsule which is internally divided into 250 lobules

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7
Q

each lobule contains

A
  1. seminiferous tubules: sperms produced here, called spermatogenesis
  2. interstitial cells: packing tissues between the coils of seminiferous tubules. AKA Leydig cells, producing testosterone
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8
Q

location of epididymis

A

fitting like a cap on the upper pole of the testis

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9
Q

function of epididymis

A

stores the sperms for some days during which they mature and become motile

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10
Q

location of vas deferens

A

arises from epididymis from each testis, travels upward into abdomen passing through inguinal canal

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11
Q

cause of hernia

A

due to pressure in abdomen, intestine bulges into the scrotum through inguinal canal

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12
Q

accessory glands of male reproductive system

A
  1. seminal vesicles
  2. prostate gland
  3. bulbo-urethral/ cowper’s gland
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13
Q

location of seminal vesicles

A

lobulated glands located between posterior surface of urinary bladder and rectum

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14
Q

function of seminal vesicles

A

produces a secretion which serves as a medium of transportation for the sperms (called semen)
by addition of semen, sperms become more active

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15
Q

location of prostate gland

A

bilobed structure which surrounds the urethra close to its origin from the bladder

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16
Q

function of prostate gland

A

pours alkaline secretion into semen that neutralises acid in vagina

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17
Q

location of cowper’s glands

A

two small ovoid glands which open into the urethra just before it enters the penis

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18
Q

function of cowper’s gland

A

lubricant

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19
Q

location of penis

A

in front of the scrotum, cylindrical in shape, serves for passing out both semen and urine

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20
Q

location and function of ovaries

A

small ovoid bodies
their peripheral part produces ova

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21
Q

define follicle

A

a maturing egg is contained in a cellular sac called follicle. as the egg grows larger, the follicle enlarges and is filled with a fluid, and is now called graafian follicle

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22
Q

define oogenesis

A

the process in which ova-producing cells give rise to mature ovum

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23
Q

define ovulations

A

process of rupture of the graafian follicle releasing the egg

24
Q

define corpus luteum

A

the remnants of the follicle persists for some time to convert it into a yellow mass, which secretes 2 hormones

25
Q

hormones secreted by follicle

A
  1. oestrogen (prior to ovulation)
  2. progesterone
26
Q

uterus

A

hollow pear-shaped muscular organ
situated in the pelvic cavity between urinary bladder and rectum

27
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube starting from lower end of the uterus upto the outside
receives male penis

28
Q

vulva

A

external female genitalia
sides have fleshy folds, called labia minora, hidden by larger hair folds, labia majora

29
Q

define puberty

A

period during which immature reproductive system of boys and girls matures and becomes capable of reproducing

30
Q

define menarche

A

onset of menstruation in a young female at 13 years

31
Q

define menopause

A

permanent stoppage of menstruation in females at the age of 45 years

32
Q

menstrual phase

A
  1. blood is discharged
  2. bleeding due to shedding and rupturing of blood vessels that make up the thickened innermost lining of uterus (endometrium)
  3. ovary begins to form a new egg in a follicle
  4. 3-5 days
33
Q

follicular phase

A
  1. 5-12 days
  2. oestrogen increases
  3. hormone acts on uterus and causes lining to become thicker and more blood vessels
  4. prep for uterus to receive fertilized egg and assist in early implantation of embryo
34
Q

ovulatory phase

A
  1. 13th or 14th day
  2. follicle ruptures and releases egg down towards oviduct
  3. two hormones produced, FSH and LH, promote maturation and release of ovum
35
Q

luteal days

A
  1. day 15-28
  2. uterus line thickens
  3. emptied follicle turns into hormone-producing body called corpus luteum
36
Q

define fertilization

A

the fusion of male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote

37
Q

acrosome of sperm

A

at the top of the head of sperm
secretes hyaluronidase which facilitates entry of sperm into egg by dissolving wall of ovum

38
Q

nucleus of sperm

A

contains genetic material (22+X or 22+Y)
combines with nucleus of egg containing 22+X chromosomes, restoring original 23 pairs

39
Q

mitochondria of sperm

A

provides ATP energy for sperm to swim

40
Q

define blastocyst

A

the zygote starts dividing into 2, 4, 8, 16 cells and so on. by the time it reaches the uterus, it has formed a small hollow ball of numerous cells

41
Q

define implantation

A

the blastocyst it forms a pit in endometrial lining and gets fixed in it in a week’s time after ovulation

42
Q

define embryo

A

a growing egg after fertilisation until main parts of the body and the internal organs have started to take shape

43
Q

define foetus

A

when embryo starts having the look of a baby

44
Q

define pregnancy

A

state of carrying the unborn young one inside the body

45
Q

extraembryonic membranes surrounding blastocyst

A

amnion
chorion
allantois
placenta

46
Q

amnion

A

sac which develops around the embryo even before the formation of allantois
a fluid AKA amniotic fluid fills space between amnion and embryo

47
Q

functions of amniotic fluid

A
  1. protects embryo from jerks and mechanical shocks
  2. keeps even pressure around embryo
  3. allows foetus some restricted movement
  4. prevents sticking of foetus to amnion
48
Q

placenta

A

disc-like structure attached to uterine wall
cord containing blood vessels connects placenta with foetus, called umbilical cord

49
Q

functions of placenta

A
  1. diffusion of nourishment from mother’s blood to growing foetus
  2. disposal of wastes from blood of foetus to mother
50
Q

how does placenta act as endocrine gland

A

produces progesterone and oestrogen

51
Q

define gestation

A

full term of development of the embryo in the uterus is called gestation .
lasts for 280 days

52
Q

define parturition

A

act of expelling full term foetus from mother’s uterus at the end of gestation

53
Q

fraternal/ diovular/ dizygotic twins

A

produced from two eggs
BB, GG, BG possible

54
Q

identical twins

A

single fertilised egg splits into two
only BB or GG

55
Q

causes of triplets

A
  1. one single zygote, splitting into two, and one split part again splitting into two
  2. two eggs, one zygote produces identical twins by splitting and another normal baby
56
Q

causes of quadruplets

A
  1. two pairs of identical twins from two eggs
  2. other combinations of identical and fraternal twins

Biology (15 decks)

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