Endocrine System

Question 1

define hormones

Answer 1

secretion from some glandular part of the body, which is poured directly into the blood and which acts on the target organs or cells of the same individual, bringing about coordination between distant parts of the body

Question 2

general properties of hormones

Answer 2

1. hormones are secreted from their source directly into the blood
2. regulate the physiological processes by chemical means
3. act on target organs or cells away from the source
4. hormones produced in one species show similar influence in other species
5. produced in small quantities, biologically very active

Question 3

endocrine glands

Answer 3

1. adrenal
2. pancreas
3. thyroid
4. pituitary

Question 4

location of adrenal glands

Answer 4

caps on the top of each kidney

Question 5

parts of adrenal

Answer 5

1. central medulla
2. outer cortex

Question 6

adrenal medulla

Answer 6

secretes adrenaline
stimulated by nerve endings of autonomic nervous system

Question 7

functions of adrenaline

Answer 7

1. increases heart beat and blood pressure
2. increases blood supply to muscles, which it decreases to skin and visceral organs
3. more glucose is released by liver

Question 8

adrenal cortex

Answer 8

secretes cortisone. there are two types:
1. mineralcorticoids (regulates mineral metabolism)
2. glucocorticoids(regulate carbohydrate, protein, fat metabolism)
3. sex corticoids

Question 9

function of cortical hormones

Answer 9

1. increase blood glucose concentration
2. influence fat and protein metabolism
3. regulate salt and water balance in the body
4. adapt body to stresses

Question 10

hyposecretion of cortisone

Answer 10

Addison’s disease
loss of energy, skin pigmentation, loss of weight, hypoglycemia, sensitivity to cold and pain

Question 11

hypersecretion of cortisone

Answer 11

Cushing’s syndrome
obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, weakness, salt and water retention

Question 12

pancreas as duct and ductless

Answer 12

duct: secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum for digestion

ductless: special groups of hormone secreting cells called ISLETS OF LANGERHANS which produce insulin, glucagon, somatostatin (by beta, alpha, delta cells)

Question 13

insulin

Answer 13

checks rise of sugar level in blood by:
1. promotes use of glucose by body
2. stimulates deposition of extra glucose of blood as glycogen in liver

Question 14

undersecretion of insulin

Answer 14

diabetes mellitus/ hyperglycemia
1. high concentration of sugar in blood
2. urine has sugar
3. feels thirsty because of loss of water from urine
4. loss in weight

Question 15

oversecretion of insulin

Answer 15

1. low sugar/ hypoglycemia
2. brain may enter coma

Question 16

glucagon

Answer 16

stimulates breakdown of glycogen in the liver to glucose, raises sugar level

Question 17

location of thyroid

Answer 17

bilobed gland situated in front of neck just below larynx

Question 18

hormones by thyroid gland

Answer 18

thyroxine
calcitonin

Question 19

thyroxine

Answer 19

1. regulates basal metabolism (rate of cellular oxidation resulting in heat production at rest)

Question 20

undersecretion of thyroxine

Answer 20

Hypothyroidism
1. simple goitre: due to less iodine
2. cretinism: affects growth of children showing dwarfism and mental retardation. due to degeneration of thyroid
3. myxoedema: sluggish, swelling of face and hands

Question 21

oversecretion of thyroxine

Answer 21

exophthalmic goitre: causes protrusion of eyes, swelling in neck, more metabolism, rapid heart beat, shortness of breath

Question 22

location of pituitary gland

Answer 22

small projection which hangs from the base of the mid brain below hypothalamus

Question 23

lobes of pituitary gland

Answer 23

anterior
posterior

Question 24

define intermediate lobe

Answer 24

the front part of the posterior pituitary is different from the rest of the lobe. almost absent in humans but much larger and more functional in some lower animals

Question 25

hormones from anterior pituitary

Answer 25

1. growth hormone (somatotropin)
2. thyroid stimulating hormone
3. gonad stimulating hormone (testes and ovaries)
4. adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenal cortex)

Question 26

oversecretion of GH suddenly in an adult

Answer 26

excessive growth of hormones in the face, and in hands and feet
large nose and thick lips
aka ACROMEGALY

Question 27

hormones from posterior pituitary

Answer 27

1. antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin
2. oxytocin (contraction of uterus, milk ejection)

Question 28

ADH function

Answer 28

constricts blood vessels
rise in BP
acts on kidney increasing reabsorption of water from tubules

deficiency causes diabetes insipidus- urination is frequent and copius