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AP Bio > The Chemistry of Life (U3) > Flashcards

The Chemistry of Life (U3) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Element

A

a basic substance made of only one kind of atoms

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2
Q

Compound

A

a substance of two or more elements combined

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3
Q

What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of biological matter?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

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4
Q

Atom

A

Made of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons that orbit in rings

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5
Q

Atomic number

A

the number of protons in an atom

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6
Q

Mass number

A

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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7
Q

Valence electrons

A

the electrons in the atom’s outermost shell

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8
Q

How do you find valence number?

A

elements in the same column have the same valence number and similar chemical properties

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9
Q

Electron configuration

A

atoms tend to complete or empty a partially filled valence shell - this drives chemical reactions and create bonds

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10
Q

Non-polar covalent bond

A

pairs of electrons are shared equally between two atoms

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11
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

pairs of electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, creating a charge

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12
Q

Ionic bond

A

the transfer of valence electrons between atoms

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13
Q

Intermolecular bonds

A

bonds between molecules

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14
Q

Intramolecular bonds

A

bonds within molecules (between atoms)

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15
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

when hydrogen bonds with highly electronegative atoms, provides structure and stability

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16
Q

Water molecules

A

+H attracted to -O, a “sticky” molecule

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17
Q

What are the five properties of water?

A

cohesion and adhesion, ability to dissolve substances, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and ability of ice to float in water

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18
Q

Cohesion

A

hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules

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19
Q

Adhesion

A

hydrogen bonding between H2O and other substances

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20
Q

Capillary action

A

the movement of water through the use of cohesion and adhesion

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21
Q

Solvents

A

dissolve solutes creating solutions

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22
Q

Universal solvent

A

water due to its polarity

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23
Q

Hydrophillic

A

substances with attraction to water (polar molecules)

24
Q

Hydrophobic

A

substances that don’t have an attraction to water (non-polar molecules)

25
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

any combination of hydrogen and carbon atoms, sable, hydrophobic, and gas at room temp

26
Q

Carbon atoms

A

versatile building blocks, can form 4 stable covalent bonds

27
Q

Isomer

A

molecules with the same molecule formula but different structures

28
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH, alcohols

29
Q

Carbonyl adehyde

A

-C=O at the end

30
Q

Carbonyl ketone

A

-C=O in the middle

31
Q

Carboxyl

A

-COOH, fatty and amino acids

32
Q

Amino

A

-NH2, amines (compounds) that act as a base

33
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

-SH, thiols, stabilize proteins with disulfide bridges

34
Q

Phosphate

A

-PO4^2-

35
Q

What are the four major macromolecule classes?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

36
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

condensation reaction, a polymer is formed by removing H2O monomers, requires energy and enzymes

37
Q

Hydrolysis

A

digestion, breaking down of a polymer by removing one monomer at a time, releases energy

38
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

monomers that are sugars, classified by the number of carbons, for energy storage and structure

39
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

when two monosaccharides are bonded together during dehydration synthesis

40
Q

Starch vs. cellulose

A

starch is easy to digest whereas only bacteria can digest cellulose

41
Q

Starch vs. glycogen

A

starch is plants and glycogen is animals

42
Q

Fats

A

HC tail and carboxyl head, protect, insulate, and store energy

43
Q

Phospholipids

A

fatty acid tails and PO4 head, creates cell membranes

44
Q

Steroids

A

4 fused carbon rings with functional groups, create animal cell membranes

45
Q

Ester linkage

A

the bond between OH and COOH in lipids

46
Q

Saturated fats

A

long straight chains, solid at room temp, contributes to cardiovascular disease

47
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

kinks in chains due to double bonds, liquid at room temp

48
Q

Nucleic acids

A

store and transfer genetic information

49
Q

RNA

A

single helix (ribonucleic acid)

50
Q

DNA

A

double helix (deoxyribonucleic acid)

51
Q

Nucleotides

A

made of nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

52
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

bond in nucleic acids between sugar and PO4

53
Q

Purine

A

double ring nitrogen base (adenine and guanine)

54
Q

Pyrimidine

A

single ring nitrogen base (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)

55
Q

Replication

A

the copying of DNA

56
Q

Proteins

A

structurally and functionally diverse (enzymes, structure, carriers, cell communication, defense, movement, and storage)

57
Q

What are the 4 major components of an amino acid?

A

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

AP Bio (7 decks)

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