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AP Bio > First semester Exam > Flashcards

First semester Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in allele frequency over time

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2
Q

Artificial selection

A

the human selection of different desirable traits

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3
Q

Natural selection

A

traits that improve survival or reproduction will accumulate in the population

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4
Q

Steps of Natural selection

A
  1. variation
  2. overproduction
  3. competition
  4. survival of the fittest
  5. differential reproduction
  6. generations
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5
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

fossil record (transitional fossils), artificial selection (antibiotics), anatomical/morphological (structure), molecular data (DNA code)

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6
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar features indicate a common ancestor

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7
Q

Analogous structures

A

structures similar in function but not structure (ex, bird and butterfly wings)

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8
Q

Population

A

the smallest unit able to evolve

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9
Q

Sources of variation

A

mutation and sexual reproduction

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10
Q

Five agents of evolutionary change

A

genetic drift (bottleneck, founder effect), gene flow (migration), mutation, non-random mating (sexual selection), selection

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11
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

a natural, random disaster reduces the population size and limits gene pool

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12
Q

Founder effect

A

a random group splinters off and starts a new colony

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13
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

when the heterozygous genotype has a higher fitness than the homozygous individuals

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14
Q

Phylogeny

A

the history of the evolution of a species or group

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15
Q

Clade

A

a branch on a phylogenetic tree that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

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16
Q

Derived traits

A

traits in the most recent ancestor

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17
Q

Synapomorphies

A

characteristics shared by a group due to their inheritance from a common ancestor

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18
Q

Convergent evolution

A

the independent evolution of similar features in species in a similar environment

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19
Q

Four sources of phylogenetic information

A

morphology, embryology/development, behavior, molecular data

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20
Q

Binomial nomenclature example

A

Homo Sapiens

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21
Q

Taxon

A

a group of populations that form a unit

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22
Q

Eight main taxonomic categories

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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23
Q

Speciation

A

the process in which populations evolve into their own distinct species

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24
Q

Biological species concept

A

a species is a population whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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25
Q

Ecological species concept

A

species occupy similar habitats

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26
Q

Morphological species concept

A

species have similar structure

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27
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

the formation of new species after geographic separation

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28
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

formation of new species in the same area

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29
Q

Pre-zygotic barriers

A

geographic isolation, ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic

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30
Q

Post-zygotic barriers

A

reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

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31
Q

Haldane-Oparin hypothesis

A

early earth’s atmosphere was reducing and at first contained no organic molecules

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32
Q

Miller-Urey experiment

A

were able to form organic compounds out of the hypothesized conditions of early earth

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33
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living cells
evidence: structural, genetic, functional

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34
Q

Non-polar covalent bonds

A

pair of valence electrons shared equally by 2 atoms (strong)

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35
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

pair of valence electrons shared unequally by 2 atoms (strong)

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36
Q

Ionic bonds

A

one takes electrons and one gives electrons (weak)

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37
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

attraction between positive hydrogen in one water molecule to negative oxygen in other water molecule

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38
Q

Five characteristics of water

A
  1. cohesion and adhesion
  2. water is a good solvent
  3. ice floats in liquid water
  4. water has a high specific heat
  5. water has a high heat of vaporization
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39
Q

Four main macromolecule classes

A

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

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40
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

uses energy to make a polymer through the removal of water (condensation reaction/endergonic/anabolic)

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41
Q

Hydrolysis

A

releasing energy by splitting water and breaking polymer (digestion, exergonic, catabolic)

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42
Q

Starch

A

slow release of energy (used in plants)

43
Q

Glycogen

A

fast release of energy (used in animals)

44
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond joining a carb to something else

45
Q

Ester linkage

A

a bond between the oxygen and carbon atoms in lipids

46
Q

Saturated fats

A

long straight chains, no carbon double bonds, solid at room temp, contributes to cardiovascular disease

47
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

kinky chains, carbon doubles bonds, liquid at room temp

48
Q

Components of a nucleotide

A

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

49
Q

Nucleic backbone

A

made of sugar and phosphate backbone, held together by phosphodiester bond

50
Q

Components of an amino acid

A

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group (side chain)

51
Q

Peptide bond

A

the bond between and amine (NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxyl (COOH) of another

52
Q

Primary structure

A

the order of amino acids in the chain

53
Q

Secondary structure

A

folding alone short sections of polypeptide (H bonds)

54
Q

Tertiary structure

A

interactions between distant amino acids

55
Q

Quaternary structure

A

more than one polypeptide chain bonded together

56
Q

Protein denaturation

A

the unfolding of a protein (due to temp, pH, or salinity) that alters structure and destroys functionality

57
Q

Enzyme concentration

A

as enzymes increase, reaction rate increases then levels off

58
Q

Substrate concentration

A

as substrates increase reaction rate increases then levels off

59
Q

Optimum temperature of enzymes

A

35-40 degrees C

60
Q

Optimum pH of enzymes

A

6-8 but depends on local conditions

61
Q

Competitive inhibtion

A

inhibitor and substrate compete for active site

62
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

inhibitor binds to site other then active site (allosteric)

63
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

final reaction product inhibits earlier step, stops unnecessary accumulation of product

64
Q

Free ribosomes

A

ribosomes in the cytosol synthesize proteins in the cytosol

65
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

ribosomes attached to ER synthesize proteins for export

66
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesizes lipids and hydrolyzes glycogen in the cytosol, builds membranes

67
Q

Rough ER

A

produces proteins for export, packages into vesicles

68
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

finishes, sorts, tags, and ships cell products in vesicles

69
Q

Endomembrane system

A

nucleus, ribosomes, ER, golgi apparatus, vesicles

70
Q

Lysosomes

A

only in animal cells, digests macromolecules, “cleans”

71
Q

Vacuoles

A

storage in plants

72
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

provides support and anchorage, motility, and regulation, made of microfilaments and microtubules

73
Q

Phospholipid

A

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

74
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

loosely bound to the surface of membrane, usually as a cell surface identity marker

75
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

penetrate the lipid bilayer to allow for transport

76
Q

Membrane carbohydrates

A

allow for cell to cell recognition

77
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

the universe tends towards entropy

78
Q

Hypertonic

A

more solute, less water

79
Q

Hypotonic

A

less solute, more water

80
Q

Isotonic

A

equal solute and water

81
Q

Passive transport

A

diffusion of non-polar molecules from high to low

82
Q

Active transport

A

diffusion from low to high, requires ATP

83
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cellular eating

84
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking

85
Q

Endocytosis

A

moving large molecules into a cell

86
Q

Exocytosis

A

moving large molecules out of a cell

87
Q

ATP

A

modified nucleotide that adds phosphate groups

88
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

the movement of ions across a membrane (through ATP synthase) down their electrochemical gradient

89
Q

Oxidation

A

losing electrons, exergonic (releases energy)

90
Q

Reduction

A

gaining electrons, endergonic (stores energy)

91
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

irreversible anaerobic reaction converting pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide

92
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

reversible anaerobic reaction converting pyruvate to lactic acid

93
Q

Glycolysis

A

first step of cellular respiration, occurs in the cytosol

94
Q

Krebs/Citric acid cycle

A

second step of cellular respiration, occurs in mitochondrial matrix, net gain is 2 ATP and 10 electron carriers, happens twice for each glucose molecule

95
Q

Electron transport chain (CR)

A

third step of cellular respiration, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, along cristae

96
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

the formation of ATP from inorganic molecules (Krebs and Glycolysis)

97
Q

Oxidative-level phosphorylation

A

the formation of ATP in the presence of organic molecules (ex. oxygen in the ETC)

98
Q

Stages of photosynthesis

A

Light-dependent reactions (mitochondria) and light-independent reactions (stroma)

99
Q

Intercellular junctions in plants

A

plasmodesmata

100
Q

Intercellular junctions in animals

A

tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes

101
Q

Autocrine

A

signal affects the same cell

102
Q

Paracrine

A

signal affects nearby cells

103
Q

Hormone (endocrine)

A

signal affects distant cells

104
Q

Benefits of secondary messengers

A

Amplification, cascade multiplier, fast response

AP Bio (7 decks)

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