The Chemical NS

Question 1

Who discovered Neurotransmitters?

Answer 1

otto Lewis

Question 2

generating electrical changes (voltage) in 1 part of the cell (dendrites and cell body) is an example of a way that neurons

Answer 2

transmit information

Question 3

Basally the resting membrane potential of a neuron is?

Answer 3

NEGATIVE (hyperpolarized)
-70mv

Question 4

The neuron at resting inside of the cell is …. and the outside of the cell is ….

Answer 4

inside=negative
outside=positive

Question 5

if you add negative ions into the inside of the neuron the neuron becomes

Answer 5

more negative

Question 6

if you add positive ions inside the neuron, the neuron becomes

Answer 6

more positive

Question 7

this allows the ions to move through a channel in 1 direction

Answer 7

concentration gradient

moving from high concentration to low concentration (through the membrane protein channels)

Question 8

how long does it take for an AP to send?

Answer 8

~ 1milisecond

Question 9

this occurs throughout development and increases the speed of neuronal communication. it is also a part of maturation.

Answer 9

myelin sheath

Question 10

this is the white matter in the brain that is made up of protein and fatty substances

Answer 10

myelin sheath

Question 11

what is the name of the disease where myelin becomes deteriorated and the AP can NOT reach the target region fast enough?

Answer 11

MS

Question 12

what are some of examples of myelin-related disorders?

Answer 12

MS
Huntington’s disease
TBI (have less myelin sheath, loss of white matter)

Question 13

do traumatic brain injury patients have more or less myeline sheath (white matter) compared to a healthy person

Answer 13

TBI patients have less myelin sheath

Question 14

this potential is created when positive ions flow into the post-synaptic neuron and build up the threshold to send an AP

Answer 14

Excitatory Post Synaptic Neuron

Question 15

this potential stops the neuron from firing and reaching an AP (this potential weakens as it travels to the axon hillock)

prevents an AP from generating

Answer 15

IPSP inhibitory postsynaptic Neuron

Question 16

Neurons must …. with the IPSPS and EPSPS to reach AP threshold

Answer 16

integrate and sum up the IPSPs and EPSPs to see if there is a strong enough potential to send an AP

Question 17

This type of summation is when there are AP sent in a rapid succession at the SAME input. There is 1 neuron but MULTIPLE AP

Answer 17

temporal summation

Question 18

In this type of summation, there is a SINGLE pre-synaptic neuron sending signals to a post-synaptic neuron.

Answer 18

temporal summation

Question 19

this type of summation is when there are multiple simultaneous inputs. There are multiple pre-synaptic neurons sending information to one post-synaptic neuron

Answer 19

spatial summation

Question 20

this type of summation has simultaneous signals coming from multiple pre-synaptic neurons being received by 1 post-synaptic neuron.

Answer 20

spatial summation

Question 21

This is the transmittance of information (NT) from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron

Answer 21

neurotransmission

Question 22

what does the flow of calcium during neurotransmission do?

Answer 22

the flow of calcium is NOT necessary for NT release BUT it facilitates rapid fusion of synaptic vesicles to the membrane.

Question 23

can dendrites release NT?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

This is an example of a NT that can be released from a dendrite, it is used in growth, survival, and strengthening.

it also interacts with proteins on the post-synaptic terminal

Answer 24

neurotrophic factor

Question 25

This is a type of neurotransmitter that works in a backwards fashion meaning that it affects the pre-synaptic cell

Answer 25

endocannabinoids

Question 26

This receptor activates itself and sends a signal to NOT overflow the terminal with NT. it decreases NT release from the pre-synaptic cell.

It is typically found on the pre-synaptic side to reduce the amount of neurotransmitters being sent to the post-synaptic neuron

Answer 26

autoreceptor

Question 27

These are large protein molecules located on the surface of the neuron.

they must be open like locks before the neuron fires

Answer 27

receptors

Question 28

These are open when NT is released at the axon terminal of the (pre-synaptic neuron)

Answer 28

receptors

Question 29

this is when a NT attaches to a receptor making it more or less likely to fire

Answer 29

binding

Question 30

This type of receptor is DIRECTLY coupled to the ion channel that regulates the # of charged molecules inside and outside the cell.

NT bind to the receptor site

Answer 30

ionotropic receptors

Question 31

this type of receptor is NOT directly coupled with the ion channels but causes the release and activation of specialized molecules called G-proteins

Answer 31

metabotropic receptors

Question 32

This type of protein can cause several effects w/in the neuron:

-it can act like an ionotropic receptor to open ion channels

-it can increase the chances of a AP acting excitatory or decrease the chances of an AP being inhibitory

-it can also initiate the synthesis of other chemicals (2nd messengers) or can produce metabolic changes and activate genes w in the neuron

Answer 32

G-protein

Question 33

This is breaking down a NT into an inactive form.

Answer 33

enzyme breakdown

Question 34

this is when you remove NT from the synapse and place them back into the axon terminal after they have already been released.

Answer 34

reuptake

Question 35

this is when the NT becomes deactivated but remains preserved and intact so that it can be used again without the expense of energy

Answer 35

reuptake

Question 36

This is any type of drug NT or substance that fits a receptor lock and activates it

Answer 36

agonist

Question 37

this is a substance that occupies a neural receptor and causes some change in the conduction of a neuron.

Answer 37

agonist

Question 38

this is any compound that occupies a receptor and does NOT activate it but rather prevents other compounds from activating the receptor.

this blocks normal synaptic transmission

Answer 38

antagonist