The Chemical NS Flashcards
Who discovered Neurotransmitters?
otto Lewis
generating electrical changes (voltage) in 1 part of the cell (dendrites and cell body) is an example of a way that neurons
transmit information
Basally the resting membrane potential of a neuron is?
NEGATIVE (hyperpolarized)
-70mv
The neuron at resting inside of the cell is …. and the outside of the cell is ….
inside=negative
outside=positive
if you add negative ions into the inside of the neuron the neuron becomes
more negative
if you add positive ions inside the neuron, the neuron becomes
more positive
this allows the ions to move through a channel in 1 direction
concentration gradient
moving from high concentration to low concentration (through the membrane protein channels)
how long does it take for an AP to send?
~ 1milisecond
this occurs throughout development and increases the speed of neuronal communication. it is also a part of maturation.
myelin sheath
this is the white matter in the brain that is made up of protein and fatty substances
myelin sheath
what is the name of the disease where myelin becomes deteriorated and the AP can NOT reach the target region fast enough?
MS
what are some of examples of myelin-related disorders?
MS
Huntington’s disease
TBI (have less myelin sheath, loss of white matter)
do traumatic brain injury patients have more or less myeline sheath (white matter) compared to a healthy person
TBI patients have less myelin sheath
this potential is created when positive ions flow into the post-synaptic neuron and build up the threshold to send an AP
Excitatory Post Synaptic Neuron
this potential stops the neuron from firing and reaching an AP (this potential weakens as it travels to the axon hillock)
prevents an AP from generating
IPSP inhibitory postsynaptic Neuron
Neurons must …. with the IPSPS and EPSPS to reach AP threshold
integrate and sum up the IPSPs and EPSPs to see if there is a strong enough potential to send an AP
This type of summation is when there are AP sent in a rapid succession at the SAME input. There is 1 neuron but MULTIPLE AP
temporal summation
In this type of summation, there is a SINGLE pre-synaptic neuron sending signals to a post-synaptic neuron.
temporal summation
this type of summation is when there are multiple simultaneous inputs. There are multiple pre-synaptic neurons sending information to one post-synaptic neuron
spatial summation
this type of summation has simultaneous signals coming from multiple pre-synaptic neurons being received by 1 post-synaptic neuron.
spatial summation
This is the transmittance of information (NT) from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron
neurotransmission
what does the flow of calcium during neurotransmission do?
the flow of calcium is NOT necessary for NT release BUT it facilitates rapid fusion of synaptic vesicles to the membrane.
can dendrites release NT?
Yes
This is an example of a NT that can be released from a dendrite, it is used in growth, survival, and strengthening.
it also interacts with proteins on the post-synaptic terminal
neurotrophic factor
This is a type of neurotransmitter that works in a backwards fashion meaning that it affects the pre-synaptic cell
endocannabinoids
This receptor activates itself and sends a signal to NOT overflow the terminal with NT. it decreases NT release from the pre-synaptic cell.
It is typically found on the pre-synaptic side to reduce the amount of neurotransmitters being sent to the post-synaptic neuron
autoreceptor
These are large protein molecules located on the surface of the neuron.
they must be open like locks before the neuron fires
receptors
These are open when NT is released at the axon terminal of the (pre-synaptic neuron)
receptors
this is when a NT attaches to a receptor making it more or less likely to fire
binding
This type of receptor is DIRECTLY coupled to the ion channel that regulates the # of charged molecules inside and outside the cell.
NT bind to the receptor site
ionotropic receptors
this type of receptor is NOT directly coupled with the ion channels but causes the release and activation of specialized molecules called G-proteins
metabotropic receptors
This type of protein can cause several effects w/in the neuron:
-it can act like an ionotropic receptor to open ion channels
-it can increase the chances of a AP acting excitatory or decrease the chances of an AP being inhibitory
-it can also initiate the synthesis of other chemicals (2nd messengers) or can produce metabolic changes and activate genes w in the neuron
G-protein
This is breaking down a NT into an inactive form.
enzyme breakdown
this is when you remove NT from the synapse and place them back into the axon terminal after they have already been released.
reuptake
this is when the NT becomes deactivated but remains preserved and intact so that it can be used again without the expense of energy
reuptake
This is any type of drug NT or substance that fits a receptor lock and activates it
agonist
this is a substance that occupies a neural receptor and causes some change in the conduction of a neuron.
agonist
this is any compound that occupies a receptor and does NOT activate it but rather prevents other compounds from activating the receptor.
this blocks normal synaptic transmission
antagonist
