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Anatomy & Physiology > The Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

anything that takes up space and has mass

A

matter

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2
Q

3 types of subatomic particles

A

electrons, protons, and neutrons

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3
Q

4 most prevalent atoms

A

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, sodium

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4
Q

a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction

A

molecules

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5
Q

compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

A

acid

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6
Q

amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a
reaction to proceed

A

activation energy

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7
Q

nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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8
Q

building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable sidechain

A

amino acid

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9
Q

atom with a negative charge

A

anion

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10
Q

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

A

atom

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11
Q

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

A

atomic number

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12
Q

type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the
formation of a larger molecule

A

synthesis reaction

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13
Q

lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains

A

triglyceride

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14
Q

outermost electron shell of an atom

A

valence shell

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15
Q

liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time

A

suspension

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16
Q

reactant in an enzymatic reaction

A

substrate

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17
Q

compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

A

base

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18
Q

electrical force linking atoms

A

bond

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19
Q

solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids

A

buffer

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20
Q 
class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
1-2-1 ratio
A

carbohydrate

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21
Q

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process

A

catalyst

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22
Q

atom with a positive charge

A

cation

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23
Q

form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released
as they are broken

A

chemical energy

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24
Q

ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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25
Q

homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent

A

solution

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26
Q

(also, sterol) lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and
molecules

A

steroid

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27
Q

heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom’s nucleus

A

proton

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28
Q

nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine

A

purine

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29
Q

nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil

A

pyrimidine

30
Q

unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes

A

radioactive isotope

31
Q

one or more substances that enter into the reaction

A

reactant

32
Q

group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical
reactions with other atoms

A

functional group

33
Q

dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly
attracted to a second electronegative atom

A

hydrogen bond

34
Q

substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

A

inorganic compound

35
Q

atom with an overall positive or negative charge

A

ion

36
Q

attraction between an anion and a cation

A

ionic bond

37
Q

one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other

A

isotope

38
Q

energy that matter possesses because of its motion

A

kinetic energy

39
Q

stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components

A

potential energy

40
Q

one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

A

product

41
Q

lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes

A

prostaglandin

42
Q

class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

A

protein

43
Q 
class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not
soluble in water
A

lipid

44
Q

large molecule formed by covalent bonding

A

macromolecule

45
Q

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

A

mass number

46
Q

physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass

A

matter

47
Q

two or more atoms covalently bonded together

A

molecule

48
Q

monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar

A

monosaccharide

49
Q

addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound

A

phosphorylation

50
Q

molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the
nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond

A

polar molecule

51
Q

compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via
glycosidic bonds

A

polysaccharide

52
Q

heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom’s nucleus

A

neutron

53
Q

class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base

A

nucleotide

54
Q

substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

A

organic compound

55
Q

covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids

A

peptide bond

56
Q

arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements
having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table

A

periodic table of the elements

57
Q

negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution

A

pH

58
Q

a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride

A

phospholipid

59
Q

liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light

A

colloid

60
Q

substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

A

compound

61
Q

number of particles within a given space

A

concentration

62
Q

chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells

A

covalent bond

63
Q

type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken,
resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms

A

decomposition reaction

64
Q

change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

A

denaturation

65
Q

deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

66
Q

pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond

A

disaccharide

67
Q

covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids,
for example, cysteine

A

disulfide bond

68
Q

subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom’s nucleus

A

electron

69
Q

area of space a given distance from an atom’s nucleus in which electrons are grouped

A

electron shell

70
Q

substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

A

element

71
Q

protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions

A

enzyme

72
Q

type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of

A

exchange reaction

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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