The Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

anything that takes up space and has mass

Answer 1

matter

Question 2

3 types of subatomic particles

Answer 2

electrons, protons, and neutrons

Question 3

4 most prevalent atoms

Answer 3

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, sodium

Question 4

a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction

Answer 4

molecules

Question 5

compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

Answer 5

acid

Question 6

amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a
reaction to proceed

Answer 6

activation energy

Question 7

nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer

Answer 7

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 8

building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable sidechain

Answer 8

amino acid

Question 9

atom with a negative charge

Answer 9

anion

Question 10

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

Answer 10

atom

Question 11

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 11

atomic number

Question 12

type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the
formation of a larger molecule

Answer 12

synthesis reaction

Question 13

lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains

Answer 13

triglyceride

Question 14

outermost electron shell of an atom

Answer 14

valence shell

Question 15

liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time

Answer 15

suspension

Question 16

reactant in an enzymatic reaction

Answer 16

substrate

Question 17

compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

Answer 17

base

Question 18

electrical force linking atoms

Answer 18

bond

Question 19

solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids

Answer 19

buffer

Question 20

class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
1-2-1 ratio

Answer 20

carbohydrate

Question 21

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process

Answer 21

catalyst

Question 22

atom with a positive charge

Answer 22

cation

Question 23

form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released
as they are broken

Answer 23

chemical energy

Question 24

ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein

Answer 24

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 25

homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent

Answer 25

solution

Question 26

(also, sterol) lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules

Answer 26

steroid

Question 27

heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom’s nucleus

Answer 27

proton

Question 28

nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine

Answer 28

purine

Question 29

nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil

Answer 29

pyrimidine

Question 30

unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes

Answer 30

radioactive isotope

Question 31

one or more substances that enter into the reaction

Answer 31

reactant

Question 32

group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms

Answer 32

functional group

Question 33

dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom

Answer 33

hydrogen bond

Question 34

substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

Answer 34

inorganic compound

Question 35

atom with an overall positive or negative charge

Answer 35

ion

Question 36

attraction between an anion and a cation

Answer 36

ionic bond

Question 37

one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other

Answer 37

isotope

Question 38

energy that matter possesses because of its motion

Answer 38

kinetic energy

Question 39

stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components

Answer 39

potential energy

Question 40

one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

Answer 40

product

Question 41

lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes

Answer 41

prostaglandin

Question 42

class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Answer 42

protein

Question 43

``` class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water ```

Answer 43

lipid

Question 44

large molecule formed by covalent bonding

Answer 44

macromolecule

Question 45

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 45

mass number

Question 46

physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass

Answer 46

matter

Question 47

two or more atoms covalently bonded together

Answer 47

molecule

Question 48

monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar

Answer 48

monosaccharide

Question 49

addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound

Answer 49

phosphorylation

Question 50

molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond

Answer 50

polar molecule

Question 51

compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds

Answer 51

polysaccharide

Question 52

heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom’s nucleus

Answer 52

neutron

Question 53

class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base

Answer 53

nucleotide

Question 54

substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

Answer 54

organic compound

Question 55

covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids

Answer 55

peptide bond

Question 56

arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table

Answer 56

periodic table of the elements

Question 57

negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution

Answer 57

pH

Question 58

a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride

Answer 58

phospholipid

Question 59

liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light

Answer 59

colloid

Question 60

substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Answer 60

compound

Question 61

number of particles within a given space

Answer 61

concentration

Question 62

chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells

Answer 62

covalent bond

Question 63

type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms

Answer 63

decomposition reaction

Question 64

change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

Answer 64

denaturation

Question 65

deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information

Answer 65

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 66

pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond

Answer 66

disaccharide

Question 67

covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine

Answer 67

disulfide bond

Question 68

subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom’s nucleus

Answer 68

electron

Question 69

area of space a given distance from an atom’s nucleus in which electrons are grouped

Answer 69

electron shell

Question 70

substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

Answer 70

element

Question 71

protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions

Answer 71

enzyme

Question 72

type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of

Answer 72

exchange reaction