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Anatomy & Physiology > The Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

The Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

active transport

A

form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy

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2
Q

unipotent

A

describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type

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3
Q

vesicle

A

membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell

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4
Q

triplet

A

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon,
corresponds to a particular amino acid

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5
Q

totipotent

A

embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body

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6
Q

transcription

A

process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA

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7
Q

transcription factor

A

one of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes

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8
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

molecules of RNA that serve to bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly
place them into the sequence

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9
Q

translation

A

process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript

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10
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

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11
Q

passive transport

A

form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy

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12
Q

peripheral protein

A

membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached
peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane

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13
Q

peroxisome

A

membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful
substances

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14
Q

phagocytosis

A

endocytosis of large particles

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15
Q

pinocytosis

A

endocytosis of fluid

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16
Q

pluripotent

A

describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types

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17
Q

telophase

A

final stage of mitosis (and meiosis), preceding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new
daughter nuclei

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18
Q

polypeptide

A

chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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19
Q

polyribosome

A

simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosomes

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20
Q

promoter

A

region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene

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21
Q

prophase

A

first stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of
the chromatin to form chromosomes

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22
Q

spliceosome

A

complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript

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23
Q

splicing

A

the process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions

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24
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

(also, Na+/K+ ATP-ase) membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+
out of a cell and K+ into the cell

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25
Q

stem cell

A

cell that is oligo-, multi-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than
becoming further specialized

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26
Q

all cells of the body excluding gamete cells

A

somatic cell

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27
Q

full complement of proteins produced by a cell (determined by the cell’s specific gene expression)

A

proteome

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28
Q

a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may
contribute to cellular damage

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

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29
Q

protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)

A

receptor

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30
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors

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31
Q

feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others

A

selective permeability

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32
Q

one of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication

A

sister chromatid

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33
Q

stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs

A

S phase

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34
Q

enzyme that unwinds DNA and then adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA for the
transcription phase of protein synthesis

A

RNA polymerase

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35
Q

RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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36
Q

ribosome

A

cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis

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37
Q

describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in
water solubility

A

amphipathic

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38
Q

third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of
a dividing cell

A

anaphase

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39
Q

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on
an mRNA molecule

A

anticodon

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40
Q

breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action

A

autolysis

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41
Q

lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components

A

autophagy

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42
Q

life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells

A

cell cycle

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43
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions

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44
Q

cyclin

A

one of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle

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45
Q

cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

A

one of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their
functions

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46
Q

cytokinesis

A

final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

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47
Q

cytoplasm

A

internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid
called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials

48
Q

cytoskeleton

A

“skeleton” of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell’s shape and provide, among other
functions, locomotive abilities

49
Q

cytosol

A

clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water

50
Q

membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various
molecules; also known as plasma membrane

A

cell membrane

51
Q

small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell
division

A

centriole

52
Q

region of attachment for two sister chromatids

A

centromere

53
Q

cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division

A

centrosome

54
Q

membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more
substances

A

channel protein

55
Q

progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed
to a subsequence phase

A

checkpoint

56
Q

substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

A

chromatin

57
Q

condensed version of chromatin

A

chromosome

58
Q

contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

A

cleavage furrow

59
Q

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

A

codon

60
Q

small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the
cellular surface

A

cilia

61
Q

movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

A

diffusion

62
Q

condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one
set inherited from each of two parents)

A

diploid

63
Q

enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA
replication

A

DNA polymerase

64
Q

process of duplicating a molecule of DNA

A

DNA replication

65
Q

difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions

A

electrical gradient

66
Q

import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle

A

endocytosis

67
Q

unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins

A

nucleosome

68
Q

cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA

A

nucleus

69
Q

describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to
differentiate into one of a few possible cell types

A

oligopotent

70
Q

any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific

A

organelle

71
Q

small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis

A

nucleolus

72
Q

one of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope

A

nuclear pore

73
Q

membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer

A

nuclear envelope

74
Q

cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may
or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type, respectively)

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

75
Q

export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle

A

exocytosis

76
Q

one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing

A

exon

77
Q

fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other
reservoirs in the body

A

extracellular fluid (ECF)

78
Q

diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein

A

facilitated diffusion

79
Q

appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement

A

flagellum

80
Q

phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1 phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where
the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase

A

G0 phase

81
Q

first phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born

A

G1 phase

82
Q

change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA

A

mutation

83
Q

describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage
or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell

A

multipotent

84
Q

network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes
during mitosis

A

mitotic spindle

85
Q

phase of the cell cycle in which a cell undergoes mitosis

A

mitotic phase

86
Q

third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase

A

G2 phase

87
Q

functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

A

gene

88
Q

active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product

A

gene expression

89
Q

entire complement of an organism’s DNA; found within virtually every cell

A

genome

90
Q

coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane

A

glycocalyx

91
Q

the thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement
and structural support

A

microtubule

92
Q

one of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production
of cellular energy (ATP)

A

mitochondrion

93
Q

division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei
are formed

A

mitosis

94
Q

the thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle
contraction and cellular structural support

A

microfilament

95
Q

linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase

A

metaphase plate

96
Q

second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the
center of the cell

A

metaphase

97
Q

protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached

t

A

glycoprotein

98
Q

cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein
modification, tagging, packaging, and transpor

A

Golgi apparatus

99
Q

membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes

A

lysosome

100
Q

molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule

A

ligand

101
Q

region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids

A

kinetochore

102
Q

describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration

A

isotonic

103
Q

nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and
protein

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

104
Q

enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication

A

helicase

105
Q

family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin

A

histone

106
Q

describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent

A

homologous

107
Q

describes a substance or structure attracted to water

A

hydrophilic

108
Q

describes a substance or structure repelled by water

A

hydrophobic

109
Q

describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration

A

hypertonic

110
Q

entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis

A

interphase

111
Q

fluid in the cytosol of cells

A

intracellular fluid (ICF)

112
Q

non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing

A

intron

113
Q

fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels

A

interstitial fluid (IF)

114
Q

type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and
playing a role in resisting cellular tension

A

intermediate filament

115
Q

membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer

A

integral protein

116
Q

describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration

A

hypotonic

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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