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Chemical, Cellular, and Tissue Biology > the chemical level of organization > Flashcards

the chemical level of organization Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 basic principles of chemistry

A
  1. chemistry is the science of structure and interactions of matter
  2. matter is anything that has a mass and takes up space
  3. mass is the amount of matter a substance contains, whereas weight is the force of gravity acting on mass
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2
Q

chemical element

A

matter exists in 3 forms:
solid
liquid
gas
all forms of matter and composed of chemical elements

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3
Q

elements

A

elements are given chemical symbols such as :
o=oxygen
c=carbon
h=hydrogen
n=nitrogen
these elements make up the majority of our bodies

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4
Q

what are the main chemical elements in the body

A

oxygen ; o
carbon ; c
hydrogen ; h
nitrogen ; n
the percentage is about 96% of total

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5
Q

what are the lesser element in our body and the percentage

A

calcium ; ca
phosphorus ; p
potassium ; k
sulfur ; s
sodium ; na
chlorine ; cl
magnesium ; mg
iron ; fe
the percentage is about 3.6% of total

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6
Q

what is the trace element percentage

A

the percentage is about 0.4% of total

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7
Q

what are atoms

A

chemical elements are composed of units of matter of the same type called atoms
atoms are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

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8
Q

what is an atomic number and mass number

A

atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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9
Q

what is an atomic mass

A

atomic mass assumes the mass of the neutron, proton, and electron
the atomic mass\weight of an element is the average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes

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10
Q

what is an ions, molecules, and compounds

A

ion is an atom that has lost or gained an electron
molecule as 2 or more atoms sharing electrons
compounds is a substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

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11
Q

what is a chemical bond

A

a chemical bond occurs when the atoms are held together by forces of attraction
the number of electrons in the valence shell determines the likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom

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12
Q

what is a cations ions

A

a positive charge ion
when you give an electron

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13
Q

what is an anions ion

A

is a negative charge ion
when you receive an electron

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14
Q

covalent bonds

A

can be single, double, and triple bonds

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15
Q

what is an hydrogen bond

A

hydrogen bonds result from the attraction of the oppositely charged parts of molecules

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16
Q

hydrogen bond and water

A

hydrogen bonds between water and molecules give water cohesion
cohesion is the tendency of like particles to stay together
hydrogen bonds create surface tension
surface tension is a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

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17
Q

what is a chemical reactions

A

chemical reactions occur when new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken
reactants are the starting substances
products are the ending substances
metabolism

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18
Q

forms of energy and chemical reactions

A

energy is the capacity to do work
potential energy
kinetic energy
chemical energy
law of the conservation of energy- energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another

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19
Q

energy transfer

A

exergonic reactions
endergonic reactions
activation energy

20
Q

the type of chemical reactions

A

synthesis
decomposition
exchange
reversible
oxidation-ruduction

21
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

these reactions transfer electrons between atoms and molecules and always occur in parallel(when one substance is oxidized is reduced)
oxidation is a loss of electrons and energy release
reduction is the gain of an electrons and energy gain

22
Q

inorganic vs organic compounds

A

inorganic compounds usually lack carbon and are simple molecules
water is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living things
organic compounds always contain C, usually contain O, and always have covalent bonds

23
Q

water in a chemical reactions

A

water is the ideal medium
in a hydrolysis reaction, water is added to break bonds
in a dehydration synthesis reaction, water is removed to make bonds

24
Q

what re the thermal properties of water

A

water has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization

25
Q

water as a lubricant

A

water is a major component of our body fluids and helps reduce friction as membranes and organs slide over one another

26
Q

mixtures

A

mixture is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together 3 types of mixture:
solution
colloid
suspension

27
Q

what is a percentage

A

mass per volume
number of grams of a substance per 100 milliliters of solution

28
Q

what is a molarity

A

moles per liter
A1 molar solution = 1 mole of a solute in 1 liter of solution

29
Q

what is a ph

A

the amount of acid or base
a neutral solution is a 7
an acid solution increase as you go to a lower number than 7
a base solution increases as you go a bigger number that 7

30
Q

what is a buffer system

A

maintenance of body fluid homeostasis is critical
buffer system help to regulate ph by converting strong acids or base into weak acids or bases

31
Q

is carbon a compounds that solve easily in water

A

no

32
Q

is carbon compounds a good source of energy

A

yes

33
Q

what is a monosaccharides

A

a simple sugar that contains from 3 to 7 carbons atoms

34
Q

what is a disaccharides

A

simple sugars formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration systhesis

35
Q

what is a polysaccharides

A

from tens to hundreds of monosaccharide joined by dehydration syntesis

36
Q

types of lipids in the body

A

fatty acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids

37
Q

can a fatty acid be saturated or unsaturated

A

yes

38
Q

what does triglycerides offer

A

protection
insulation
energy

39
Q

are phospholipids an important component of cells membranes

A

yes

40
Q

what does a protein do

A

give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscles contraction, transport substance, and serve as enzymes

41
Q

types of proteins

A

structural
regulatory
contractile
immunological
transport
catalytic

42
Q

how is protein formed

A

by combining various amino acids

43
Q

what is an enzyme

A

an enzyme is a catalyst in a living cell
enzyme are highly specific, extremely efficient, and subject to cellular controls

44
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cell’s activities
RNA guides protein formation

45
Q

what is adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP is the principle energy-storing molecule in the body

Chemical, Cellular, and Tissue Biology (4 decks)

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