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Chemical, Cellular, and Tissue Biology > An Intro To The Human Body > Flashcards

An Intro To The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy VS Physiology

A

anatomy is the study of structure whereas physiology is the study of how body parts function

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2
Q

Embryology is the study of

A

the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.

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3
Q

Developmental biology is the study of

A

the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

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4
Q

Cell biology is the study of

A

cellular structure and functions

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5
Q

Histology is the study of

A

microscopic structure of tissues

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6
Q

Gross anatomy is the study of

A

structure that can be examined without a microscope

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7
Q

Systemic anatomy is the study of

A

structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

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8
Q

Regional anatomy is the study of

A

specific regions of the body such as the head or the chest

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9
Q

Surface anatomy is the study of

A

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation

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10
Q

Imaging anatomy is the study of

A

internal body structure that can be visualized with techniques such as X-rays, MRI, CT scan, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention

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11
Q

Pathological anatomy is the study of

A

structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease

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12
Q

Molecular physiology is the study of

A

functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

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13
Q

Neurophysiology is the study of

A

functional properties of nerve cells

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14
Q

Endocrinology is the study of

A

hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body function

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15
Q

Cardiovascular physiology is the study of

A

functions of the heart and the blood vessels

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16
Q

Immunology is the study of

A

the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents

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17
Q

Respiratory physiology is the study of

A

functions of the air passageways and lungs

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18
Q

Renal physiology

A

function of the kidney

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19
Q

Exercise physiology is the study of

A

changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

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20
Q

Pathophysiology is the study of

A

functional changes associated with disease and aging

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21
Q

Level of Structural Organization

A
  1. chemical level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ level
  5. system level
  6. organismal level
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22
Q

The Components of the Integumentary System

A

skin, and associated structures such as hair, fingernails, and toenails, sweat gland and oil gland

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23
Q

The Functions of the Integumentary System

A

protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provide insulation

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24
Q

The Components of the Skeletal System

A

bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages

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25
Q

The Functions of the Skeletal System

A

supports and protects the body; provides surface area for the muscle attachments; aids body movement; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids.

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26
Q

The Components of the Muscular System

A

skeletal muscle tissue-muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac)

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27
Q

Functions of the Muscular System

A

participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat

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28
Q

Components of the Nervous System

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears

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29
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A

generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s internal and external environment, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions and glandular secretion

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30
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

A

hormone-producing glands, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary glands, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes and hormone-producing cells in several other organs

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31
Q

Functions of the Endocrine System

A

regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)

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32
Q

Components of the Cardiovascular System

A

blood, heart, and blood vessels

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33
Q

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

A

the heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-bases balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

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34
Q

Components of the Lymphatic System and Immunity

A

lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells and others)

35
Q

Function of the Lymphatic System and Immunity

A

returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

36
Q

Components of the Respiratory System

A

lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx(throat), larynx(voice box) trachea(windpipe) and bronchial tubes leading into and out of the lungs

37
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

A

transfer oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to exhaled air; help regulate the acid-base balance of body fluid; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.

38
Q

Components of the Digestive System

A

organ of the gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx(throat), esophagus(food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in the digestive processes such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

39
Q

Functions of the Digestive System

A

achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes

40
Q

Components of the Urinary System

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

41
Q

Function of the Urinary System

A

produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells

42
Q

Components of the Reproductive System

A

gonads (testes in males and ovaries in women) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary gland in females and epididymis, ductus or vas, deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis in males)

43
Q

Function of the Reproductive System

A

gonads produce gametes(sperm and oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and stores gametes: mammary glands produce milk

44
Q

What is the Basic Life Processes

A

all living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things
life processes in humans include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction

45
Q

What is Homeostasis

A

homeostasis is a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment
homeostasis is maintained by the body’s regulatory processes

46
Q

Body Fluids & Homeostasis

A

the survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid
this fluid is known as extracellular fluid

47
Q

What Causes Imbalance in Homeostasis

A

homeostasis imbalances occur because of disruption from external or internal environments

48
Q

What happens When There is an Homeostatic Imbalances

A

when disrupted it may result in disease, disorder, or even death
factors such as your genetic make-up, the air you breathe, the food you eat, and the thoughts you think can all affect your health

49
Q

What is the Body Positions

A

anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference
a person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, and the palms of the hands are turned forward, and feet are flat on the flood

50
Q

What are Directional Terms

A

directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another

51
Q

What is Superior

A

towards the head, or upper part of a structure

52
Q

What is Inferior

A

away from the head, or lower part of a structure

53
Q

What is Anterior

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body

54
Q

What is Posterior

A

nearer to or at the back of the body

55
Q

What is Medial

A

nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides)

56
Q

What is Lateral

A

farther from the midline

57
Q

What is Ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body as another structure

58
Q

What is Contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

59
Q

What is Proximal

A

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the origination of a structure

60
Q

What is Distal

A

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the origination of a structure

61
Q

What is Superficial

A

toward or on the surface of the body

62
Q

What is Deep

A

away from the surface of the body

63
Q

What are Planes

A

planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body

64
Q

What is a Frontal plane

A

divides the body in half

65
Q

What is the Parasagittal Plane

A

unequal left and right sides

66
Q

What is the Transverse Plane

A

body divided in half horizontally

67
Q

What is the Midsagittal Plane

A

divides the body into qual left and right sides

68
Q

What is an Oblique Plane

A

divides at an angle

69
Q

What are Body Cavities

A

body cavities are spaces within the body that helps protect, separate, and support internal organs

70
Q

Cranial Cavities

A

formed by cranial bones and contains brain

71
Q

Vertebral Canal

A

formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

72
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

contains pleural and pericardial cavities an the mediastinum

73
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

a potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds the lungs

74
Q

Pericardium Cavity

A

a potential space between the layers of pericardium that surrounds the heart

75
Q

Mediastinum

A

the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to vertebral columns and from the first rib to the diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

76
Q

Abdomonipelvic Cavity

A

subdivides into abdominal and pelvic cavities

77
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine; the serous membrane of the cavity is the peritoneum

78
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

contains urinary bladder, portion of large intestine, and internal organ of reproduction

79
Q

What is the Serous Membranes

A

serous membranes are thin, double-layered membranes that cover the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also line the walls of the thorax and abdomen
visceral layer
parietal layer
serous membranes reduce friction

80
Q

Serous Membranes in the Abdominal Cavity

A

the peritoneum covers many of the abdominal organs
retroperitoneal the classification some organs are given because they are not surrounded by the peritoneum, rather, they are posterior to it

81
Q

What are the Six Region

A

right hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
right inguinal region
epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric region
left hypochondriac region
left lumbar region
left inguinal region

82
Q

What are the 4 Quadrant

A

right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant

83
Q

What is the Medical Imaging

A

medical imaging involves techniques that allow physicians to view images of the human body
this allows physicians to diagnose anatomical and physiological abnormalities

Chemical, Cellular, and Tissue Biology (4 decks)

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