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Chemical, Cellular, and Tissue Biology > the cellular level of organization > Flashcards

the cellular level of organization Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 3 subdivision in the cell

A
  1. plasma (cell) membrane
  2. cytoplasm \ cytosol and organelles
  3. nucleus \ chromosomes and genes
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2
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

a flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell

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3
Q

what are the two type of membrane proteins

A
  1. integral protein \ transmembrane
  2. peripheral protein
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4
Q

what are the functions of membrane proteins

A

help determine many of the functions of the cell membrane

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5
Q

what is membranes fluidity

A

membranes are fluid structures because most of the membrane lipids and many of the membrane proteins move easily in the bilayer
membrane lipid and protein are mobile in their own half of the bilayer

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6
Q

what does the cholesterol serve in the membrane

A

serve to stabilize the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity

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7
Q

what is membrane permeability

A

plasma membranes are selectively permeable
the lipid bilayer is always permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules
transmembrane proteins that act as channels or transporters increase the permeability of the membrane
macromolecules are only able to pass through the plasma membrane by vesicular transport

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8
Q

what is a concentration gradient

A

is the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

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9
Q

what is an electrical gradient

A

the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

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10
Q

electrical and concentration gradient what does it make

A

these gradient make up an electrochemical gradient

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11
Q

what is a passive processes

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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12
Q

what is an active processes

A

primary and secondary transport
vesicular transport

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13
Q

what is a simple diffusion

A

the diffusion is influenced by
the steepness of the concentration gradient
temperature
mass of diffusion substance
surface area
diffusion distance

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14
Q

what is a facilitated diffusion

A

transmembrane protein help solutes that are too polar or too highly charged move through the lipid bilayer
the processes involved are
channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
carrier mediated facilitated

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15
Q

what is osmosis

A

the net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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16
Q

what is tonicity

A

tonicity of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells

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17
Q

active transport : primary

A

energy derived from ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against it concentration gradient

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18
Q

what is a secondary

A

energy stored(in a hydrogen or sodium concentration gradient) is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradient

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19
Q

what is exocytosis

A

membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid

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20
Q

what is transcytosis

A

a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side

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21
Q

cytoplasm has 2 components what are they

A
  1. cytosol - also known as the intracellular fluid portion of the cytoplasm
  2. organelles - they specialized structures that have specific shapes and perform specific functions
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22
Q

what is a plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic bilayer studded with proteins; surrounds cytoplasm

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23
Q

what does the plasma membrane do

A

protects cellular contents; makes contact with other cells; contains channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes, cell-identify markers, and linker proteins; mediates entry and exit of substance

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24
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

cellular contents between plasma membranes and nucleus; cytosol and organelles

25
Q

what does cytoplasm do

A

site of all intracellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus

26
Q

what is cytosol

A

composed of water, solutes, suspended particles, lipid droplets, and glycogen granules

27
Q

what does cytosol do

A

fluid in which many of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur

28
Q

what is a cytoskeleton

A

a network in the cytoplasm composed of three protein filaments; microfilament, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

29
Q

what does the cytoskeleton do

A

maintains shape and general organization of cellular contents; responsible for cell movement

30
Q

what is an organelles

A

specialized structures with characteristic shapes

31
Q

what is a centrosome

A

pair of centrioles plus pericentriolar matrix

32
Q

what does a centrosome

A

the pericentriolar matrix contains tubulins, which are used for the growth of the mitotic spindle and microtubule formation

33
Q

what is a cilia and flagella

A

motile cell surface projections that contain 20 microtubules and basal body

34
Q

what cell moves fluids over cell’s surface

A

cilia

35
Q

what cell move entire cell

A

flagella

36
Q

what is a ribosome

A

composed of two subunits containing ribosomal RNA and protein; may be free in cytosol of attached to rough ER

37
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

membranous network of flattened sacs of tubules, rough ER is covered by ribosomes is attached to the nuclear envelope; smooth ER lacks ribosomes

38
Q

golgi complex

A

consists of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae; structurally and functionally divided into entry face, medial cisternae, and exit

39
Q

lysosome

A

vesicle formed from golgi complex; contains digestive enzymes

40
Q

peroxisome

A

a structure that is similar in shape to lysosomes, but is smaller and contain enzymes that use oxygen to oxidize organic substance

41
Q

proteasome

A

tiny barrel-shaped structure that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting long proteins into smaller peptides

42
Q

mitochondrion

A

consist of an external and an internal mitochondrial membrane, cristae, and matrix; new mitochondria form from preexisting ones

43
Q

nucleus

A

consist of a nuclear envelope with pores, nucleoli, and chromosomes, which exist as a tangled mass of chromatin in interphase cell

44
Q

occurs in the nucleus and is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein systhesis

A

transcription

45
Q

occurs outside the nucleus and is the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein

A

translation

46
Q

occur when the nucleus of a cell divides

A

mitosis

47
Q

results in the distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into 2 separate nuclei

A

mitosis

48
Q

mitosis is divided into 4 steps what are they

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
49
Q

chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappears and centrosomes move to opposite poles

A

prophase

50
Q

centromeres of chromosomes line up at the plate

A

metaphase

51
Q

centromeres if chromosomes split and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell

A

anaphase

52
Q

the mitotic spindle dissolves chromosomes regain their chromatin appearance, and a new nuclear membrane forms

A

telophase

53
Q

a cleavage furrow forms and eventually the cytoplasm of the parent cell fully splits

A

cytokinesis

54
Q

period between cell divisions; chromosomes not visible unde3r light microscope

A

interphase

55
Q

metabolically active cell duplicates mots of its organelles and cytosolic components; replication of chromosomes begin

A

G1 phase

56
Q

replication of DNA and centrosomes

A

S phase

57
Q

control of cell destinies

A
  1. remain alive and functioning without dividing
  2. grow and divide
  3. die
58
Q

as we age

A

our cells gradually deteriorate in their ability to function normally and in their ability to respond to environmental stresses
the numbers of our body cells decrease
we lose the integrity of the extracellular components of out tissues

Chemical, Cellular, and Tissue Biology (4 decks)

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