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CellBio > The Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

what is matter?

A

is anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

which elements make up the majority of our bodies

A

oxygen, carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen

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3
Q

what is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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4
Q

what is the mass number?

A

the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

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5
Q

what is an ion?

A

an atom that has lost or gained an electron

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6
Q

what is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms sharing an electron

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7
Q

what is a compound?

A

a substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

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8
Q

what is a chemical bond?

A

occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction

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9
Q

what is a cation?

A

a positively charged ion

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10
Q

what is an anion?

A

a negatively charged ion

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11
Q

what are hydrogen bonds?

A

hydrogen bonds result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules

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12
Q

what is cohesion?

A

the tendency of like particles to stay together

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13
Q

what is surface tension?

A

is a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

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14
Q

what are chemical reactions?

A

occur when new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken

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15
Q

what are reactants?

A

starting substances

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16
Q

what are products?

A

ending substances

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17
Q

what are the types of energy?

A

potential. kinetic, chemical

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18
Q

what is the law of conservation or energy?

A

energy can neither created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another

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19
Q

what are the types of chemical reactions?

A

synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible, oxidation-reduction

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20
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

transfer electrons between atoms and molecules and always occur in parallel (when one substance is oxidized another is reduced)

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21
Q

what it oxidation?

A

loss of electrons and energy release

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22
Q

what is reduction?

A

gain of electrons and energy gain

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23
Q

what is an organic compound?

A

always contain C, usually contain O, and always have covalent bonds

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24
Q

what is the most important inorganic compound?

A

Water

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25
Q

what happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

water is added to break bonds

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26
Q

what happens in a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

Water is removed to make bonds

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27
Q

what is a mixture?

A

a combination of elements of compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together

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28
Q

what are the 3 types of mixtures

A

solution, colloid, suspension

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29
Q

what is percentage?

A

Mass per volume, number of grams of a substance per 100ml of solution

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30
Q

what is molarity?

A

mol per liter

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31
Q

what is a buffer system?

A

helps to regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

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32
Q

what is an inorganic compound?

A

inorganic compounds usually lack carbon and are simple molecules

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33
Q

does carbon dissolve easily in water?

A

no

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34
Q

is carbon a good source of energy?

A

yes

35
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

a carbohydrate group

36
Q

what does a monosaccharide contain?

A

its a simple sugar that contains 3-7 carbon atoms

37
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

a carbohydrate group

38
Q

what does a disaccharide contain?

A

simple sugar formed from the combo of 2 monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

39
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

a carbohydrate group

40
Q

what does a polysaccharide contain?

A

tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

41
Q

what is and what is the function of fatty acids?

A

Lipid, used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate ATP

42
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

43
Q

what is and what is the function of triglycerides?

A

lipids, protects, insulates and stores energy

44
Q

what is and what is the function of phospholipids?

A

lipids, major lipid component of cell membranes

45
Q

What is included in the Steroids category of lipids?

A

Cholesterol, Bile Salts, Vitamin D, Adrenocortical Hormones, Sex Hormones

46
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

minor component of all animal cells membranes, precursor of bile salts, vit d, and steroid hormones

47
Q

what is the function of bile salts?

A

needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

48
Q

what is the function of Vitamin D?

A

helps regulate calcium level in body, needed for bone growth and repair.

49
Q

what is the function of adrenocortical hormones?

A

helps regulate metabolism, resistance to stress and salt water balance

50
Q

what is the function of sex hormones?

A

stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics.

51
Q

what is and what is the function of Eicosanoids?

A

Lipids, diverse effects on modifying hormone response to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction

52
Q

what is included in the Eicosanoid Lipid group?

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

53
Q

what is the function of the lipid Carotene’s?

A

needed for the synthesis of vit A, function as antioxidants

54
Q

what is the function of vit E?

A

promotes wound healing, prevents scarring, functions as antioxidant.

55
Q

what is the function of vitamin K?

A

required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins

56
Q

what is the function of Lipoproteins?

A

transports lipids in blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissue, removes excess cholesterol from blood

57
Q

what is the function of proteins?

A

give structure to the body, regulate processes, provides protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, serves as enzymes

58
Q

what are the types of proteins?

A

Structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, catalytic.

59
Q

what is the function of structural protein?

A

frame work of various parts of body (collagen, keratin)

60
Q

what is the function of Regulatory Protein?

A

hormones that regulate various physiological processes, controls growth and development , as neurotransmitter mediate response of nervous system

61
Q

what is the function of contractile protein?

A

allows shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement

62
Q

Examples of contractile proteins

A

Myosin, actin

63
Q

what is the function of immunological protein?

A

aids in response that protect agains foreign substances and invading pathogens

64
Q

examples of Immunological proteins

A

antibodies, interleukins

65
Q

what is the function of Transport Proteins?

A

carry vital substances throughout body

66
Q

example of Transport protein

A

hemoglobin

67
Q

what is the function of catalytic proteins?

A

act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions

68
Q

examples of Catalytic proteins

A

salivary amylase, sucrase, ATPase

69
Q

what are Amino Acids?

A

proteins are formed by combing various amino acids

70
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

71
Q

What is DNA?

A

forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cells activities, made of 2 strands (double helix)

72
Q

what is RNA?

A

guides protein formation

73
Q

What does each DNA strand consist of?

A

nucleotides bound together

74
Q

what does each nucleotide consist of?

A

a deoxyribose sugar bound to a phosphate group and 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases.

75
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

76
Q

what are the nitrogenous pairs?

A

Adenine with Thymine (A and T)
Guanine with Cytosine (G and C)

77
Q

how is DNA copied?

A

self-replicating

78
Q

how is RNA copied?

A

made by using DNA as a blue print.

79
Q

what is the function of DNA?

A

encodes info for protein making

80
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

carries the genetic code and assists in making proteins

81
Q

what are the types of DNA?

A

Nuclear, mitochondrial

82
Q

what are the types of RNA?

A

messenger (mRNA)
transfer (tRNA)
ribosomal (rRNA)

83
Q

What is ATP?

A

the principle energy storing molecule in the body

CellBio (5 decks)

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