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The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

what is matter?

A

is anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

which elements make up the majority of our bodies

A

oxygen, carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen

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3
Q

what is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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4
Q

what is the mass number?

A

the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

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5
Q

what is an ion?

A

an atom that has lost or gained an electron

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6
Q

what is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms sharing an electron

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7
Q

what is a compound?

A

a substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

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8
Q

what is a chemical bond?

A

occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction

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9
Q

what is a cation?

A

a positively charged ion

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10
Q

what is an anion?

A

a negatively charged ion

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11
Q

what are hydrogen bonds?

A

hydrogen bonds result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules

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12
Q

what is cohesion?

A

the tendency of like particles to stay together

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13
Q

what is surface tension?

A

is a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

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14
Q

what are chemical reactions?

A

occur when new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken

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15
Q

what are reactants?

A

starting substances

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16
Q

what are products?

A

ending substances

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17
Q

what are the types of energy?

A

potential. kinetic, chemical

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18
Q

what is the law of conservation or energy?

A

energy can neither created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another

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19
Q

what are the types of chemical reactions?

A

synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible, oxidation-reduction

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20
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

transfer electrons between atoms and molecules and always occur in parallel (when one substance is oxidized another is reduced)

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21
Q

what it oxidation?

A

loss of electrons and energy release

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22
Q

what is reduction?

A

gain of electrons and energy gain

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23
Q

what is an organic compound?

A

always contain C, usually contain O, and always have covalent bonds

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24
Q

what is the most important inorganic compound?

A

Water

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25
what happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
water is added to break bonds
26
what happens in a dehydration synthesis reaction?
Water is removed to make bonds
27
what is a mixture?
a combination of elements of compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together
28
what are the 3 types of mixtures
solution, colloid, suspension
29
what is percentage?
Mass per volume, number of grams of a substance per 100ml of solution
30
what is molarity?
mol per liter
31
what is a buffer system?
helps to regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
32
what is an inorganic compound?
inorganic compounds usually lack carbon and are simple molecules
33
does carbon dissolve easily in water?
no
34
is carbon a good source of energy?
yes
35
what is a monosaccharide?
a carbohydrate group
36
what does a monosaccharide contain?
its a simple sugar that contains 3-7 carbon atoms
37
what is a disaccharide?
a carbohydrate group
38
what does a disaccharide contain?
simple sugar formed from the combo of 2 monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
39
what is a polysaccharide?
a carbohydrate group
40
what does a polysaccharide contain?
tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
41
what is and what is the function of fatty acids?
Lipid, used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate ATP
42
what does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
43
what is and what is the function of triglycerides?
lipids, protects, insulates and stores energy
44
what is and what is the function of phospholipids?
lipids, major lipid component of cell membranes
45
What is included in the Steroids category of lipids?
Cholesterol, Bile Salts, Vitamin D, Adrenocortical Hormones, Sex Hormones
46
What is the function of cholesterol?
minor component of all animal cells membranes, precursor of bile salts, vit d, and steroid hormones
47
what is the function of bile salts?
needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids
48
what is the function of Vitamin D?
helps regulate calcium level in body, needed for bone growth and repair.
49
what is the function of adrenocortical hormones?
helps regulate metabolism, resistance to stress and salt water balance
50
what is the function of sex hormones?
stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics.
51
what is and what is the function of Eicosanoids?
Lipids, diverse effects on modifying hormone response to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction
52
what is included in the Eicosanoid Lipid group?
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
53
what is the function of the lipid Carotene's?
needed for the synthesis of vit A, function as antioxidants
54
what is the function of vit E?
promotes wound healing, prevents scarring, functions as antioxidant.
55
what is the function of vitamin K?
required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins
56
what is the function of Lipoproteins?
transports lipids in blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissue, removes excess cholesterol from blood
57
what is the function of proteins?
give structure to the body, regulate processes, provides protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, serves as enzymes
58
what are the types of proteins?
Structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, catalytic.
59
what is the function of structural protein?
frame work of various parts of body (collagen, keratin)
60
what is the function of Regulatory Protein?
hormones that regulate various physiological processes, controls growth and development , as neurotransmitter mediate response of nervous system
61
what is the function of contractile protein?
allows shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement
62
Examples of contractile proteins
Myosin, actin
63
what is the function of immunological protein?
aids in response that protect agains foreign substances and invading pathogens
64
examples of Immunological proteins
antibodies, interleukins
65
what is the function of Transport Proteins?
carry vital substances throughout body
66
example of Transport protein
hemoglobin
67
what is the function of catalytic proteins?
act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions
68
examples of Catalytic proteins
salivary amylase, sucrase, ATPase
69
what are Amino Acids?
proteins are formed by combing various amino acids
70
What are nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
71
What is DNA?
forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cells activities, made of 2 strands (double helix)
72
what is RNA?
guides protein formation
73
What does each DNA strand consist of?
nucleotides bound together
74
what does each nucleotide consist of?
a deoxyribose sugar bound to a phosphate group and 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases.
75
what are the 4 nitrogenous bases?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
76
what are the nitrogenous pairs?
Adenine with Thymine (A and T) Guanine with Cytosine (G and C)
77
how is DNA copied?
self-replicating
78
how is RNA copied?
made by using DNA as a blue print.
79
what is the function of DNA?
encodes info for protein making
80
What is the function of RNA?
carries the genetic code and assists in making proteins
81
what are the types of DNA?
Nuclear, mitochondrial
82
what are the types of RNA?
messenger (mRNA) transfer (tRNA) ribosomal (rRNA)
83
What is ATP?
the principle energy storing molecule in the body

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