The Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards
what are the 3 parts that a cells is divided into?
Plasma cells membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
What is glycocalyx
is the sugary coat on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane. it is composed of the carb portions pf membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins
when stimulating a cell, the hormone insulin first binds ti a protein in the plasma membrane. this action best represents which membrane protein function?
the membrane protein that binds to insulin acts as a receptor.
how would having a fever affect body processes that involve diffusion?
because fever involves an increase in body temp, the rates of all diffusion processes would increase
what types of molecules move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane via simple diffusion?
nonpolar hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, N, fatty acids, steroids ad fat soluble vitamins) plus small uncharged polar molecules (Water, urea and small alcohols) move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane through process of simple diffusion.
is the concentration of K+ in the body cells higher in the cytosol or in extracellular fluid?
higher in cytosol
does insulin alter glucose transport by facilitated diffusion?
yes. insulin promotes insertion of glucose transporter (GluT) in the plasma membrane which increases the cellular glucose uptake by carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
will the fluid level in the right arm rise until the water concentrations are the same in both arms?
no. the water concentrations can never be the same in both arms because the left arm contains pure water and the right arm contains a solution that is less that 100% water
will a 2% solution of NaCl cause hemolysis or crenation of RBCs
crenation
what is the role of ATP in the operation of this pump?
ATP adds a phosphate group to the pump protein, which changes the pumps 3D shape, ATP transfers energy to power the pump
what is the main difference between primary and secondary active transport mechanisms?
in secondary active transport, hydrolysis of ATP is used indirectly to drive the activity of symporter or antiporter proteins, this reaction directly powers the pump protein in primary active transport
What are several other examples of ligands that can undergo receipt-mediated endocytosis?
transferrin, vitamins and hormones
what triggers pseudopod formation?
the binding of particles to a plasma membrane
how do receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis differ from bulk-phase endocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis involve reception proteins, bulk-phase endocytosis doesnt
which cytoskeletal component helps form the structure of centrioles, ilia, and flagella?
microtubules
if you observe that a cell did not have a centrosome, what could you predict about its capacity for cell division?
would not be able to undergo cell division
what is the difference between cilia and flagella?
cilia moves fluid across cell surfaces, flagella moves the entire cell
where are the subunits of ribosomes synthesized and assembled?
large and small subunits are synthesized in the nucleolus within the nucleus, then assembled in the cytoplasm
what are the structural and functional differences between rough and smooth ER?
Rough has attached ribosomes, Smooth doesn’t, Rough synthesizes proteins that will be exported from the cell, Smooth is associated with lipid synthesis and other reactions
how do the entry and exit faces differ in function (Golgi complex)
entry receives and modifies proteins from rough ER
exit modifies, sorts and packages molecules for transport to other destinations
what are the 3 general destinations for proteins that leave the Golgi complex?
some proteins are secreted from the cell by exocytosis some are incorporated into the plasma membrane and some occupy storage vesicles that become lysosomes
what is the name of the process by which worn-out organelles are digested by lysosomes?
autophagy
how do the mitochondrial crustal contribute to its ATP - producing function?
increase the surface area available for chemical reactions and contain some enzymes needed for ATP production
what is chromatin?
a complex of DNA, proteins and some RNA
