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CellBio > An Intro to the Human Body > Flashcards

An Intro to the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of structures

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of how body parts work

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3
Q

What are the Levels of Structural Organization

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

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4
Q

What are the 11 Systems of the Human Body?

A

Integumentary, Lymphatic, Muscular, Skeletal, Endocrine, Reproductive, Urinary, Respiratory, Nervous, Digestive, Cardiovascular

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5
Q

Components of the Integumentary System

A

Skin, Hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands

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6
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A

Protects body, regulates body temp, eliminates some wastes, helps make Vit D, detects sensations, stores fats, provides insulation.

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7
Q

Components of the skeletal system

A

Bones, joints, cartilage

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8
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

supports and protects the body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids in movement, houses cells that proceed blood cells, stores minerals + lipids

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9
Q

Components of the muscular system

A

Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Function of muscular system

A

aids in body movement such as walking, maintaining posture, producing heat

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11
Q

Components of the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord,nerves, special sense organs (eyes + ears)

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12
Q

Function of nervous system

A

generates action potential (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detect changes, interpret change, responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

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13
Q

Components of the Endocrine system

A

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes

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14
Q

Function of the Endocrine system

A

regulates body activities by releasing hormones

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15
Q

Components of the cardiovascular system

A

Blood, heart, blood vessels

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16
Q

Function of the cardiovascular system

A

heart pumps blood thru vessels, carries O2 + nutrients to cells and carries CO2 and wastes away from the cells, helps regulate acid base + Temp + water content of body fluids, helps defend against disease and repairs damaged blood vessels

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17
Q

Components of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic fluid+vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, T cells, B cells.

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18
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

Returns proteins + fluid to blood, carries lipids from the GI tract to blood, contains sites of maturation and Proliferation of T cells and B cells that protect agains disease causing microbes

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19
Q

What is maturations?

A

the process of maturing

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20
Q

What is proliferation?

A

rapid reproduction of a cells

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21
Q

Components of the respiratory system

A

Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes

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22
Q

Function of the respiratory system

A

Transfers O2 from inhaled air to blood, and CO2 from blood to expelled air, helps regulate acid base balance, creates vocalizations

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23
Q

Components of the digestive system

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm intestines, lg intestines, anus, Accessory organs (salvary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder)

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24
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste

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25
Q

Components of the Urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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26
Q

function of the urinary system

A

produces+stores+eliminatesurine, helps maintain acid base and mineral base balances, helps regulate the production of red blood cells

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27
Q

Components of the reproductive system

A

ovaries, testes, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, epididymis, vas deferense, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis

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28
Q

Function of the reproductive system

A

gonads produce games that form new organisms, gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction + other body processes, associated organ transportation + store gametes, mammary glands produce milk

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29
Q

What are basic life processes that humans have?

A

Metabolism, reproduction, movement, growth, differentiation, responsiveness.

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30
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

is a condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment

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31
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

It is maintained by the body’s regulatory process

32
Q

what is the survival of of body cells dependant on?

A

the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their extracellular fluid

33
Q

what can disrupt homeostasis?

A

Disruptions can come from the internal or external environments

34
Q

How is homeostasis controlled

A

The Feedback Loop

35
Q

example of negative feedback

A

blood pressure

36
Q

example of positive feedback

A

child birth

37
Q

what can happen if there is a homeostatic imbalance?

A

Disease, disorder, or even death

38
Q

What are the different body cavities?

A

Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominalpelvic

39
Q

What forms the cranial cavity?

A

Brain and cranial bones

40
Q

What forms the vertebral cavity?

A

Vertebral column, contains spinal. cord and beginning of nerve endings

41
Q

what are the sections of the Thoracic Cavity?

A

Pleural, Pericardial, Mediastinum

42
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

a potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung

43
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart

44
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Central portion of the thoracic cavity between lungs, extends from the sternum to vertebral column and from the 1st rib to diaphragm

45
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, several large blood vessels.

46
Q

What are the sections of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

abdominal and pelvic

47
Q

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, sm intestine, most of lg intestine, the serous membrane (peritoneum)

48
Q

what does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

bladder, portions of lg intestines, internal reproductive organs

49
Q

what is the serous membrane?

A

Thin double-layered membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities, (lines the walls)

50
Q

what are the 2 layers of the serous membrane?

A

Visceral, parietal

51
Q

What does the serous membrane do?

A

Reduces friction.

52
Q

what is anatomic position?

A

Standard position of reference for any region or part of the human body. subject stands erect, head level, eyes forward, parallel lower limbs, feet flat facing forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward

53
Q

What is prone position?

A

Laying face down

54
Q

What is supine position?

A

Laying on your back/spine

55
Q

what are the regions of the body?

A

head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs

56
Q

Define superior

A

toward the head

57
Q

define inferior

A

away from the head

58
Q

define anterior

A

near the front of the body

59
Q

define posterior

A

near the back of the body

60
Q

define medial

A

near the midline

61
Q

define lateral

A

farther from the midline

62
Q

define intermediate

A

between 2 structures

63
Q

define contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

64
Q

define proximal

A

near the attachment to the trunk

65
Q

define distal

A

further from the attachment to the trunk

66
Q

define superficial

A

toward or on the surface of the body

67
Q

define deep

A

away from the surface of the body

68
Q

what are the planes of the body

A

sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse, oblique

69
Q

Define sagittal

A

divides body into right and left halves

70
Q

define midsagittal

A

divides body into equal right and left halves

71
Q

define parasagittal

A

divides body into unequal right and left halves

72
Q

define frontal/coronal

A

divides into anterior and posterior halves (front and back halves)

73
Q

define transverse

A

divides into superior and inferior halves (top and bottom halves)

74
Q

define oblique

A

divides at any angle other than 90 degrees

75
Q

What is retroperitoneal

A

the classification some organs are given because they are not surrounded by the peritoneum, rather they are posterior to it

76
Q

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions

A

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal.

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