The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
Elements of the Human Body
Trace elements of the Human Body
Chemical Bond
Definition:
sharing of electrons between atoms
Molecule
Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Chemical Reaction
Definition:
Chemical bonds are broken or formed.
- Chemical Bonds contain potential energy
What type of bonding does water experience
Polar Covalent Bonds
Cations vs. Anions
Cations: Positively charged ions
Anions: Negatively charged ions
Properties of Water
- High Heat capacity
- Universal solvent
- Molecules are defined by ability to interact with water
- Hydrophobic: Molecules with non-polar bonds
- Hydrophilic: Molecules with polar bonds , Ions
Electrolytes
Electrolytes:
soluble inorganic molecules whose ions can conduct an electrical current in solution. Electrolytes disassociate in water into its cations and anions.
Examples:
Nacl → Na+ and Cl-
Salt
An electrolyte whose cation is not hydrogen and whose anions is not a hydroxide
Acids
Acids:
Release hydrogen ions into a solution
Bases:
Bases:
Remove hydrogen ions from a solution
PH:
A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Neutral Solution
Neutral Solution:
Equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
Acidic Solutions vs. Basic Solutions
Acidic Solution:
Higher concentration of H+ than OH -
Basic Solution:
Higher Concentration of OH- than H+
What is the typical PH of bLood?
7.35 to 7.45
Acidosis
- Abnormally low blood PH
- Below 7.35
Alkalosis
- Abnormally High Blood PH
- Above 7.45
What are the four major classes of organic Compounds?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids (dnt form polymers)
- Proteins & Amino Acids
- Nucleic Acids & Nucleotides
Carbohydrates
-
C, H, O in a ratio of 1:2:1
- C6H12O6
- Monosaccharides - Simple Sugars (Galactose, Fructose, and glucose)
- Disaccharides - 2 Monosaccharides (Sucrose and Lactose)
- Polysaccharides - chains of simple sugars (Starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
Lipids
- C, H, and O present but much less O (C12H24O2 can also contain P, N, and S)
- Fatty Acids (Saturated, Unsaturated, and Omega-3)
-
Triglycerides ( 3 fatty acids and Glycerol)
- Fats
- Oils
-
Phospholipids ad Glycolipids
- Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phospoho or Glyco group instead of a 3rd Fatty acid
- Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
-
Steroids
- Cholesterol, Estrogen, Corticosteroids, etc…
Proteins - Chains of Amino Acids
Amino Acids:
Contain an amino group, a carboxylic group and a radical group
Protein:
Polypeptides in linear sequences of amino acids held together by bonds
Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins:
large protein molecules with carbohydrate groups attached
- Antibodies
- Hormones
- Mucus
Proteoglycans
Proteoglycans:
Large polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains
- Important thickening agent for tissue fluids
What types of bodily functions do proteins perform?
- Structural Proteins
- Contractile proteins
- Transport Proteins
- Enzymes
- Buffering Proteins
- Antibodies
Enzymes
- Enzymes are mostly proteins
-
Enzymes are catalysts
- Reduce energy of activation without being permanently changed or used up
- Promote chemical reactions at temperature and PH compatible with life
- Enzymes are needed to catalyze all the chemical reactions that occur in our bodies
Nucleotides
-
Sugar, nitrogenous base, one or more phosphate groups
- AMP
- ADP
- ATP
-
Many Functions:
- Building block of nucleic acids
- High energy molecules
- Messenger Molecules
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Catabolism
- The breakdown of complex molecules
- Releases energy
Anabolism
- Synthesis of new molecules
- uses energy
