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Anatomy Lecture BIOL 223 > The Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Elements of the Human Body

A
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2
Q

Trace elements of the Human Body

A
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3
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Definition:

sharing of electrons between atoms

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4
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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5
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Definition:

Chemical bonds are broken or formed.

  • Chemical Bonds contain potential energy
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6
Q

What type of bonding does water experience

A

Polar Covalent Bonds

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7
Q

Cations vs. Anions

A

Cations: Positively charged ions

Anions: Negatively charged ions

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8
Q

Properties of Water

A
  • High Heat capacity
  • Universal solvent
  • Molecules are defined by ability to interact with water
  • Hydrophobic: Molecules with non-polar bonds
  • Hydrophilic: Molecules with polar bonds , Ions
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9
Q

Electrolytes

A

Electrolytes:

soluble inorganic molecules whose ions can conduct an electrical current in solution. Electrolytes disassociate in water into its cations and anions.

Examples:

Nacl → Na+ and Cl-

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10
Q

Salt

A

An electrolyte whose cation is not hydrogen and whose anions is not a hydroxide

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11
Q

Acids

A

Acids:

Release hydrogen ions into a solution

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12
Q

Bases:

A

Bases:

Remove hydrogen ions from a solution

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13
Q

PH:

A

A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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14
Q

Neutral Solution

A

Neutral Solution:

Equal concentrations of H+ and OH-

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15
Q

Acidic Solutions vs. Basic Solutions

A

Acidic Solution:

Higher concentration of H+ than OH -

Basic Solution:
Higher Concentration of OH- than H+

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16
Q

What is the typical PH of bLood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

17
Q

Acidosis

A
  • Abnormally low blood PH
  • Below 7.35
18
Q

Alkalosis

A
  • Abnormally High Blood PH
  • Above 7.45
19
Q

What are the four major classes of organic Compounds?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids (dnt form polymers)
  • Proteins & Amino Acids
  • Nucleic Acids & Nucleotides
20
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • C, H, O in a ratio of 1:2:1
    • C6H12O6
  • Monosaccharides - Simple Sugars (Galactose, Fructose, and glucose)
  • Disaccharides - 2 Monosaccharides (Sucrose and Lactose)
  • Polysaccharides - chains of simple sugars (Starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
21
Q

Lipids

A
  • C, H, and O present but much less O (C12H24O2 can also contain P, N, and S)
  • Fatty Acids (Saturated, Unsaturated, and Omega-3)
  • Triglycerides ( 3 fatty acids and Glycerol)
    • Fats
    • Oils
  • Phospholipids ad Glycolipids
    • Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phospoho or Glyco group instead of a 3rd Fatty acid
  • Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
  • Steroids
    • Cholesterol, Estrogen, Corticosteroids, etc…
22
Q

Proteins - Chains of Amino Acids

A

Amino Acids:

Contain an amino group, a carboxylic group and a radical group

Protein:

Polypeptides in linear sequences of amino acids held together by bonds

23
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Glycoproteins:

large protein molecules with carbohydrate groups attached

  • Antibodies
  • Hormones
  • Mucus
24
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Proteoglycans:

Large polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains

  • Important thickening agent for tissue fluids
25
Q

What types of bodily functions do proteins perform?

A
  • Structural Proteins
  • Contractile proteins
  • Transport Proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Buffering Proteins
  • Antibodies
26
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Enzymes are mostly proteins
  • Enzymes are catalysts
    • Reduce energy of activation without being permanently changed or used up
    • Promote chemical reactions at temperature and PH compatible with life
  • Enzymes are needed to catalyze all the chemical reactions that occur in our bodies
27
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • Sugar, nitrogenous base, one or more phosphate groups
    • AMP
    • ADP
    • ATP
  • Many Functions:
    • Building block of nucleic acids
    • High energy molecules
    • Messenger Molecules
28
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

29
Q

Catabolism

A
  • The breakdown of complex molecules
  • Releases energy
30
Q

Anabolism

A
  • Synthesis of new molecules
  • uses energy

Anatomy Lecture BIOL 223 (10 decks)

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