Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Lecture BIOL 223 > Exam 2: Muscle Performance, Muscle Injuries, and Muscle Diseases > Flashcards

Exam 2: Muscle Performance, Muscle Injuries, and Muscle Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Performance

Muscle Performance

A

Muscle performance often considerd in terms of:
* Force (power & strength) - Maximum amount of tension produced by a muscle or muscle group
* Endurance - amount of time during which an individual can perform a particular activity
* Inversliy related relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Muscle Performance

Muscle Performance

A

Factors determining performance capabilities of a skeletal muscle:
* Type of mucle fibers present in the muscle
* Physical conditioning or traning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of skeletal muscle fibers:

Types of skeletal muscle fibers:

A

Slow Fibers (Type I Fibers)
* Slow twitch oxidative fibers
* Aerobic

Intermediate Fibers (Type II-A Fibers)
* Fast twitch oxidative fibers

Fast fibers (Type II-B Fibers)
* Fast twitch Glycolytic Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Slow Fibers

Slow fibers (Red)

A
  • Half the diameter of fast fibers
  • Take three times as long to contract after stimulation
  • Abundant Mitochondria - aerobic, oxidative metabolism
  • Extensive capilary supply
  • High concentration of myoglobin - intracellular pxygen storage molecule
  • can contract for a long period of time - fatigue resistant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fast Fibers

Fast Fibers (white)

A
  • Large in diamater
  • Contain densley packed myofibrils
  • Large Glycogen reserves
  • Relativley few mitochondria - anaerobic, glycolytic metabolism
  • Priduce rapid, powerful contractions of short duration
  • Fatigue Rapidly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Intermediate Fibers

Intermediate Fibers (Fast twitch oxidative fibers)

A

Fast fibers that gain greater resistance to fatigue in response to aerobic endurance traning
* Additional cappilary cupply
* More mitochondria
* Smaller in diamater
* Not as dependent of anaerobic metabolism (myoglobin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Muscle Performance and the distrobution of Muscle Fibers

Muscle Performance and the distrobution of Muscle Fibers

A

Percentage of slow fibers and fast fibers genetically determined, can vary consideribly amoung muscles
* Pale (white) muscle - mostly fast fibers
* Dark (red) muscles - dominated by slow fibers

Training can change percentage of fast fibers that have intermediate properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy

Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy

A
  • Hypertrophy - increase in diameter of muscle
  • Atrophy - decrease in diamater of muscle
  • Change is due to increase or decrease in diamater of muscle fibers within the muscle (number of muscle fibers (cells) does not change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy

Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy

A

Change in diamater of muscle cells
* Increase or decrease depending on level of activity over time
* Increased activity leads to synthesis of more actin and myosin myofilaments
* Decreased activity leads to loos of actin and myosin myofilaments

Long term disuse of muscle can lead to irreversable atrophy in muscle if muscle cells die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Physcial Conditioning Improves Endurnace

Physcial Conditioning Improves Endurnace

A

Aanerobic Endurance
* Time period in which muscular contractions are sustained by glycolosis after depleting ATP and CP reserves

Aerobic Endurance
* Time period in which muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities after depleting ATP/CP reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Physical Conditioning

Physical Conditioning

A

Improve anaerobic endurance
* Frequent breif, intesive workouts
* Increase muscle mass
* Increase ATP/CP reserves
* Increase glycogen reserves
* Increase ability to tolerate lactic acid build up

Improve aerobic endurance
* Sustained low levels of activity
* Increased Blood Supply to muscles
* Improve cardiovascular activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aging and the Musclar System

Aging and the Musclar System

A

Decrease in size, strength, and endurance of muscles
* Reduction is size and strength due to decrease in number of myofibrils
* Decrease in endurance due to less ATP, CP, Glycogen, and myoglobin

Skeletal Muscles become less elastic
* Develop increasing amounts of fiborus onnective tissue (Fibrosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aging and the Musclar System

Aging and the Musclar System

A

Tolerance for exercise decreases
* Muscles fatigue more quickly
* Reduction in thermoregulatory ability, thus are subject to overheating (Less sweating, less vasodialation = overheating)

Ability to recoverf from muscular injuries decreases
* Nuber of satelite cells decreases with age
* Repair capabilities become more limited, more scar tissue (fibrous tissue) occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Muscle System Disorders

Muscle System Disorders

A

Primary disorders - result from problems with the muscular system itself
* Muscle Trauma
* Muscle Infections
* Inherited Disorders
* Tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscle System Disorders

Muscle System Disorders

A

Secondary Disorders - result of problems originating in other systems
* Nervous system disorders that affect the coordination or control of muscle contraction
* Nutritional or Metabolic Problems that affect electrolyte concentrations or the energy supply available to the muscles
* Cardiovascular Disorders that restrict or reduce blood flow to skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Muscle System Disorders

Muscle System Disorders

A
  1. Muscle spasm (cramp) - strong sudden, usually painful, unwanted contraction
  2. Muscle Spasticity - Excessive muscle tone
  3. Muscle Flaccidity - Very low muscle tone
  4. Muscle Atrophy - Deterioration or wasting due to disease, immobility, or interference with normal motor neuron innervation
  5. Myositis - muscle inflimation (Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis are autoimmune)
  6. Strain - tears in muscle tissue
  7. Sprain - Tears in ligaments or tendons or joint capsule
  8. Paralysis - loss of voluntary motor controll (Flacid or Spastic)`
17
Q

Nervous System Disorders that affect the coordination or control of musc

Nervous System Disorders that affect the coordination or control of muscle contraction

A

Blockage of release of Acetylocholine (EX. botulism)
* Flacid Paralysis

Interference with binding of ACH to receptors
* Flacid Paralysis

Interferance with ACH esterase activity
* Spastic Paralysi - organophosphates, nerve gas, insecticides, neostigmine

Loss of Motot Neuron - polio
* Flacid Paralysis - increased branching of remaining motor neurons

Loss of Motor Neuron Axon - peripheral nerve damage
* FLacid Paralysis

Excesive stimulation of motor neuron - tetanus
* Spastic Paralysis

18
Q

Muscular System Disorders

Muscular System Disorders

A

Inherited Disorders
* Muscular Dystrophies
* Duchenne’s MD - gene on X chromsome
* Early onset
* Myotonic Dystrophy
* Chromosome 19 disorder
* Typically onset after puberty

19
Q

Muscular Trauma

Muscular Trauma

A

Muscle Trauma
* Minor trauma such as damage to myofibrils, sarcolemma from excessive activity
* Major trauma such as laceration, crushing, deep brusies, muscle tear (strain)
* New muscle cell production from satelite cells - limmited ability
* Scar tisue
* Compartment syndrome (can occur from crushing traume)

20
Q

Muscualr System Disorders

Muscualr System Disorders

A

Nutritional or Metabolic Problems
* Can affect the energy supply avalible to the muscles (starvation)
* Can affect electrolyte concentration (dehydration, kidney disease)
* Hyper or Hypo-kalemia (K+)
* Hyper or Hypo-natremia (Na+)
* Hyper or Hypo-calcimia (CA+2)

Anatomy Lecture BIOL 223 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions