The Cellular and Tissue Levels of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A
  • Smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
  • Each cells maintains Homeostasis at the cellular level
  • Homeostasis at higher levels reflects combines, coordinated action of ma cells
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2
Q

Cells of Interest in the Human Body

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
    • 10-100 micrometers
  • Prokaryotic cells-bacteria
    • 1-10 micrometers
  • Parasites-eukaryotes
    • single cells-Protista
    • multicellular - fungi, insects, worms, etc…
  • viruses not cells
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3
Q

Describe a typical human body cell

A
  • Surrounded by an extracellular fluid, which is the fluid of the tissue
  • cell membrane forms the outer membrane
    • plasma membrane or plasma lemma
  • Cytoplasm
    • Cytosol and organelles
  • Nucleus
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4
Q

What are the cell membrane functions.

A
  • Physical Isolation - Extracellular and intracellular fluid composition differ (Cellular Homeostasis)
  • Regulation of exchange with the environment - Semi permeable
    • Controls entry of ions, nutrients
    • controls exit of water, release of secretions
  • Sensitivity and recognition
  • Structural Support
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5
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • Phospholipid Bilayer
    • Hydrophilic phosphate group on surface
    • Hydrophobic fatty acid tails inside
  • Fluid Mosaic Membrane
    • Membrane
    • cholesterol
  • Glycocalyx on extracellular surface
    • Sugar groups attached to membrane lipids and membrane proteins
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6
Q

Functions of membrane proteins and carbohydrates

A
  • Transport Proteins
  • Chanel Proteins
  • Anchoring
  • Cell identity - genetically located recognition factors
  • Receptors
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7
Q

What is the dynamic membrane of the cell

A
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
    • Sooth ER
    • Rough Er
  • Vesicles
  • Endocytosis
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8
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough)

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Synthesis of Proteins

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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages and process products of the RER and SER

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10
Q

Digestive Organelles:

Proteasomes

A

Digest damaged and abnormal proteins

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11
Q
  • *Digestive Organelles:**
  • *Peroxisomes**
A

Enzymatic breakdown of lipids and toxins

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12
Q
  • *Digestive Organelles:**
  • *Lysosomes**
A

Lysosomes-Vesicles with multiple types of digestive enzymes

  • Digest organelles, engulfed materials for recycling
  • Responsible for the lycing of injured cells
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13
Q

What does the Mitochondria do?

A
  • Responsible for ATP production through aerobic respiration of small organic molecules
  • site of cellular respiration - uses O2 and creates CO2 as waste
  • Large number in cytoplasm of metabolically active cells that carry out aerobic metabolism
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14
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A
  • 23 pairs of chromosomes storing the genetic information of the human body
  • sequence of nucleotides in DNA is transcribed creating mRNA with corresponding nucleotide sequence
  • mRNA exits nucleus, carrying information that is read by ribosomes to synthesize proteins
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15
Q

Cell Cycle and Differentiation

A
  • All cells of a human body derive from cell divisions starting with a fertilized egg
    • All somatic cells (non sex cells) contain the same genes
  • Differentiation results from inactivation or activation of particular genes
    • Early embryonic cells (undifferentiated) can form any type of cell
    • Differentiation produces populations of specialized cells with limited capabilities
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16
Q

Differentiated Cells

A
  • Adult stem cells
    • Retain ability to divide and differentiate into one or a few types of cells
  • Tissues
    • Collections of specialized cells and cell products that preform a specific function
    • Adult stem cells (germinative cells) present in tissues for growth and repair
17
Q

What are the four tissue types?

A
  • Neural Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Most organs contain all 4 types
18
Q

Neural Tissue

A
  • Nerve cells and support cells of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs
  • conveys information from one aera to another in form of electrical signals
    • Receives stimuli, creates electrical signal
    • integrates and interprets electrical signals
    • controls effectors such as skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
19
Q

Muscle Tissues

A
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle
20
Q

What does Connective Tissue do?

A
  • Provides structural Framework for body
  • Transports Materials within body
  • Protects and supports organs
  • Interconnects and supports other tissues
  • Stores energy reserves
  • Defense against invading microorganisms
21
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Specialized Cells embedded in matrix of extracellular fibers and fluid
  • Connective tissue Proper
    • Fibroblasts in matric of collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers
    • Adipose, Areolar, Tendons, and Ligaments
  • Fluid Connective Tissue:
    • Blood cells in fluid matrix
  • Supportive Connective Tissue
    • Cartilage and Bone
22
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Covers external surfaces
  • Lines internal surfaces
  • Forms glands
  • Has polarity
    • Apical end of cells on surface
    • Basal end of cells attached via basal lamina to underlying connective tissue
23
Q

Epithelial Specialization

A
  • Cilia move materials across the surface
  • Microvilli increase surface aera for absorption
  • Intercellular connections:
    • Tight junctions
    • Gap Junctions
    • Desmosomes
24
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A
  • Exocrine Glands:
    • Secrete through ducts onto the surface of epithelium
  • Endocrine Glands:
    • Release Hormones into the surrounding interstitial tissue
25
Q

Merocrine Secretions

A
  • Merocrine:
    • product released through exocytosis
  • Examples:
    • Salivary glands
26
Q

Apocrine Secretions

A
  • Apocrine Secretion:
    • Secretion involving the loss of both product and cytoplasm
  • Example:
    • Mammary Glands
27
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A
  • Holocrine Secretion:
    • Secretion that destroys the entire cell
  • Examples:
    • Sebaceous sweat gland