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GEOGRAPHY > THE CHANGING ECONOMIC WORLD > Flashcards

THE CHANGING ECONOMIC WORLD Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development in a country?

A

The progress in economic growth, use of technology and improving welfare that a country has made (quality of life improves)

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2
Q

What is the global development gap?

A

The difference in development between more and less developed countries

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3
Q

Why is development pretty hard to measure?

A

Includes so many things (social and economic factors)

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4
Q

What does gross national income show (GNI)?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income overseas

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5
Q

What is GNI a measure of?

A

Wealth

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6
Q

What is GNI per head?

A

The GNI divided by the population of a country (GNI per capita)

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7
Q

What does birth rate show?

A

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year

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8
Q

What is birth rate a measure of?

A

Education

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9
Q

What does death rate show?

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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10
Q

What is death rate a measure of?

A

Health

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11
Q

What does infant mortality rate show?

A

The number of babies who die before they are 1 year old per thousand babies born

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12
Q

What is infant mortality rate a measure of?

A

Health

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13
Q

What does people per doctor show?

A

The average number of people for each doctor

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14
Q

What is people per doctor a measure of?

A

Health

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15
Q

What does access to safe water show?

A

The percentage of people who can get clean drinking water

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16
Q

What is access to safe water a measure of?

A

Health

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17
Q

What does literacy rate show?

A

The percentage of adults who can read and write

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18
Q

What is literacy rate a measure of?

A

Education

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19
Q

What does life expectancy show?

A

The average age a person can expect to live to

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20
Q

What is life expectancy a measure of?

A

Health

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21
Q

How can GNI per capita be misleading when calculating the development of a country?

A

Because it is an average and does not show variations within the country (massively rich and massively poor)

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22
Q

How can social indicators be misleading when calculating development of a country?

A

Some aspects develop before others as a country develops which can make it seem more developed than it actually is

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23
Q

What are HICs?

A

High income countries where the GNI per capita is high

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24
Q

What are LICs?

A

Low income countries where the GNI per capita is low

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25
Q

What are NEEs?

A

Newly emerging economies where economy is getting richer away from primary industry to secondary

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26
Q

How is the human development index (HDI) calculated?

A

Calculated using income, life expectancy and education level
HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)

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27
Q

What does the human development index (HDI) show?

A

The countrys level of economic development and the quality of life of people who live there

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28
Q

What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

A

Shows how birth rates and death rates affect population

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29
Q

What happens when the birth rate is higher than the death rate?

A

The population grows

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30
Q

What is natural increase?

A

When the birth rate is higher than the death rate

31
Q

What is natural decrease?

A

When the death rate is higher than the birth rate

32
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 1 in the DTM?

A

Birth and death rate high and fluctuating
Population low and steady

33
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 2 in the DTM?

A

Birth rate high and steady
Death rate rapidly falling
Population rapidly increasing

34
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 3 in the DTM?

A

Birth rate rapidly falling
Death rate slowly falling
Population increasing

35
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 4 of the DTM?

A

Birth and death rate low and fluctuating
Population high and steady

36
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 5 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate slowly falling
Death rate low and steady
Population slowly falling

37
Q

What are the most developed stages of the DTM?

A

Stages 4 and 5

38
Q

What are the least developed stages of the DTM?

A

Stages 1 and 2

39
Q

What are the reasonings for stage 1?

A

Birth rate high due to no contraception
Death rate high due to poor health care and famine

40
Q

What are the reasonings for stage 2?

A

Birth rate high due to agricultural economy
Better healthcare so death rate falls

41
Q

What are the reasonings for stage 3?

A

Birth rate falls due to contraception and women working and economy switches from farming to manufacturing
Improved health care so death rate falls

42
Q

What are the reasonings for stages 4 and 5?

A

Birth rates low as less money available due to elderly relatives and standard of living
Health care is good so death rate is low

43
Q

How can poor climate affect how developed a country is?

A

Not much food can be produced due to really hot/cold environments
Fewer crops to sell so less money to spend on goods and services so less money for taxes to spend on development

44
Q

How can poor farming land affect how developed a country is?

A

Poor soil/steep means difficult for crops to grow (same as poor climate)

45
Q

How can few raw materials affect how developed a country is?

A

Fewer products to export to other countries
Make less money so less money to be spent on development projects

46
Q

How can lots of natural disasters affect how developed a country is?

A

Have to spend a lot of money on rebuilding after disasters occur and not on development projects

47
Q

Why is a country more likely to be at a lower level of development if it has poor trade links?

A

Won’t make a lot of money so less to spend on development

48
Q

What is trade?

A

The exchange of goods and services between countries

49
Q

Why is a country more likely to be at a lower level of development if it has lots of debt?

A

Money has to be paid back so less money for development

50
Q

Why are very poor countries in debt?

A

Because they borrow money from other countries and international organisations to help cope with situations e.g. natural disasters

51
Q

Why is a country more likely to be at a lower level of development if it has an economy based on primary products?

A

Primary goods are sold for less profit than manufactured goods
Prices also fluctuate

52
Q

What economic factors can cause uneven development?

A

Debt in a country
Poor trading links in a country
Economy being based on primary products
Colonisation
Conflict

53
Q

Why is a country more likely to be at a lower level of development if there was conflict?

A

Money is spent on arms and training soldiers instead of development
People are killed and damage done to infrastructure
Important services (health care) are disrupted
Increase in infant mortality rate
Decline in literacy rate

54
Q

Why is a country more likely to be at a lower level of development because of colonisation?

A

Lower development level when they gain independence
Usually colonisers have already removed raw materials and gained profits

55
Q

How can uneven development affect wealth in different countries?

A

People in HICs have higher income
Can lead to big inequalities in wealth
Wealth can impact standard of living

56
Q

How can uneven development affect the health in different countries?

A

Healthcare is better in more developed countries
Peoples in HICs live longer
Infant mortality rate and death rate is higher in LICs
In LICs and NEEs people can die from diseases which ca be easily treated in HICs

57
Q

How can uneven development affect international migration?

A

Many people from NEEs and LICs move to HICs to escape conflict an improve quality of life

58
Q

Why can international migration increase the development gap?

A

Migrant workers contribute to the economies of the HICs they move to instead of the LICs they leave

59
Q

What are the strategies to reduce the development gap?

A

Investment
Aid
Fair trade
Using intermediate technology
Microfinance loans
Industrial development
Debt relief

60
Q

How can investment reduce the development gap?

A

Leads to better access to finance, technology and expertise
Improved infrastructure and industry and increase in services

61
Q

What is foreign direct investment (FDI)?

A

When people or companies in one country buy property or invest in infrastructure in another

62
Q

How can aid reduce the development gap?

A

Money is used for development projects (e.g. constructing schools)

63
Q

What is aid?

A

Money or resources which are given to a country by a charity or foreign government

64
Q

What are the disadvantages of aid?

A

Can be wasted by corrupt governments

65
Q

What is fair trade?

A

Farmers in LICs getting a fair price for the goods they produce allowing them to provide for their families

66
Q

How can fair trade reduce the development gap?

A

Companies pay fair price for products and buyer pays more so farmers receive a premium to help develop their local area and support families

67
Q

What is intermediate technology?

A

Tools, machines and systems that improve quality of life but are also simple to use, affordable to buy and cheap to maintain

68
Q

How does intermediate technology reduce the development gap?

A

Increases skills, incomes and industrial output

69
Q

What are microfinance loans?

A

Small loans are given to people in LICs who may not be able to get loans from banks

70
Q

How do microfinance loans reduce the development gap?

A

Allow people to start own buisinesses and become financially independent

71
Q

What are the problems with microfinance loans?

A

Can encourage people to get into debt

72
Q

How can industrial development reduce the development gap?

A

Developing industry instead of agriculture boosts GNI and development as productivity, skills and infrastructure are imrpoved

73
Q

What is debt relief?

A

When some or all of a countrys debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered

74
Q

How can deb relief reduce the development gap?

A

Debt is cancelled or interest rates lowered so more money can be spent on development

GEOGRAPHY (11 decks)

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