ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE UK Flashcards
What percentage of the UKs work force is in the tertiary and quaternary industry?
83% IN 2017
How many people does retail employ in the UK?
4 million people
How many people work in IT in the UK?
670000
What are important industries in the UK?
Services
Information technology (IT)
Finance
Research
Where are science business parks located?
Outskirts of cities near housing and good transport links
Near unis so can work with uni researchers
What are the advantages of science business parks?
Can help meet demand for high-tech products
Form links with research universities
Clusters of related businesses in one place can boost each other
What are the three main causes for economic change in the UK?
De-industrialisation
Globalisation
Government politics
How has de-industrialisation changed the economy in the UK?
Other countries could produce goods much cheaper than the UK so increased competition which forced some of UKs manufacturing industries to close which led to job losses
How has globalisation changed the economy in the UK?
Manufacturing has moved overseas where labour costs are lower
Some TNCs have moved their tertiary and quaternary operations to the UK
Trade from other countries has increased
How has government politics changed the economy in the UK?
Government decisions on investment and support for business
Some government run industries have been privatised
Deregulation
What is globalisation?
Globalisation is the way the world has become more interconnected.
What is deregulation of businesses?
Removing restrictions and taxes on businesses to encourage entrepreneurs and investors to move to the UK
What impacts does industry have on the environment?
Factories may release pollutants or greenhouse gases
Running them uses lots of energy and water
Extracting raw materials can destroy habitats and release toxic chemicals
How are modern industries more sustainable now than older industrial plants?
Due to increasing energy and waste disposal costs
Stricter environmental regulations
Better awareness
How are roads being improved in the UK?
Capacity on motorways is being increased by upgrading to ‘smart motorways’ with extra lanes e.g. M4
How are railways in the UK being improved?
Crossrail will increase central London’s capacity by 10%
HS2 line links London, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester and allows much faster journeys
How are airports in the UK being improved?
Third runway at Heathrow airport which will allow extra 700 planes a day however increases noise and air pollution
How are ports in the UK being improved?
London gateway opened at mouth of river Thames in 2013
What is the UKS link with trade?
Trades globally
Overseas exports are worth £160 billion per year
What is the UKs transport links?
Channel tunnel links UK and France
Larger airports like Heathrow act as international hub
What is the European Union?
An economic and political partnership of 27 countries
Goods and people can move freely between EU countries
What is the Commonwealth?
An association of 53 states including the UK and many of its former colonies
It promotes co-operation between members
Why has population decreased by 0.8% in Cumbria (north west)?
Decline in jobs as agricultural and manufacturing industries have declined
Why has population increased by 7.8% in north Somerset?
Moved to towns/villages with easy access to Bristol
What are the effects of population decrease in Cumbria?
Population decline has caused shops to close and affect employment and local economy
Younger people have left
What are the effects of population increase in north Somerset?
Caused housing prices to increase
Employment and wages above average
Caused congestion with commuters to Bristol
Services oversubscribed
Why has the north south divide in the UK occurred?
Decline of heavy industry in the north
Growth of post-industrial industry in south
What are the economic and social impacts of the north south divide for the north?
Wages are generally lower
Healthcare is worse
Education is worse
How is the government trying to resolve regional differences?
Devolving more powers
Creating enterprise zones
The Northern powerhouse
How does devolving more powers resolve regional differences?
Allows Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to have their own devolved government so they can use money on schemes they feel will best benefit local community
How does creating enterprise zones resolve regional differences?
Encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment therefore bringing jobs and income
What do enterprise zones contain?
Reduced taxes
Simpler planning rules
Financial benefits
Improved infrastructure
What is the northern powerhouse?
The governments plan to reduce the inequality between the north and south by attracting investment into the north and improving transport links between northern cities (£70 mill on schools)
What are the disadvantages of the northern powerhouse plan?
More of a concept and not a plan
Not clear how the money promised is going to be spent
Focuses on Manchester and other big cities but ignores smaller towns and cities
How many new jobs were created in Sheffield by an enterprise zone?
16000 new jobs
How much invested money from private companies was brought in to Sheffield by an enterprise zone?
£318 million
