The Cerebral Hemispheres

Question 1

What separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 1

Longitudinal fissure

Question 2

What separates the parietal from the occipital lobe?

Answer 2

Parietal-occipital sulcus

Question 3

What sulcus is found in the median section running horizontally superior to the corpus callosum?

Answer 3

Cingulate sulcus

Question 4

What separates the frontal lobe form the parietal lobe?

Answer 4

Central gyrus

Question 5

What separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?

Answer 5

Lateral sulcus

Question 6

What separates the occipital lobe into 2?

Answer 6

Calcarine fissure

Question 7

What makes up the medial portions of the cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 7

Limbic system

Question 8

What is the function of the adjacent association areas?

Answer 8

They help us make sense of what we are feeling, touching, smelling etc.
I.e. we can feel that we have car keys in our pocket just by feeling - without looking at them

Question 9

What is the area directly anterior to the pre-central gyrus and what is it ?

Answer 9

Primary motor cortex

Area 4

Question 10

What is the area posterior to the post-central gyrus and what is it?

Answer 10

Areas 3,1,2

Primary sensory cortex

Question 11

What is the name of the area which occupies the inferior part of the frontal lobe and what is it for?

Answer 11

Area 44, 45 inferior frontal gyrus

Broca’s area of motor speech - tell us how to talk I.e. by moving our lips

Question 12

Where is the general sensory association area located?

Answer 12

Superior parietal lobule

Question 13

In the dominant hemisphere what does the inferior lobule of the parietal lobe contribute to?

Answer 13

Language functions

Question 14

What is the function of the inferior lobule of the parietal lobe?

Answer 14

Interference between somatosensory cortex and visual auditory association

Question 15

What occurs as a consequence of parietal lobe lesion?

Answer 15

Hemisensory neglect

Question 16

What is the main function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 16

Smelling and hearing

Question 17

Within what lobe is area 41,42 located?

Answer 17

Temporal lobe

Question 18

What is area 41, 42?

Answer 18

The superior temporal gurus - primary auditory cortex

Question 19

What is found posterior to area 41 , 42?

Answer 19

Auditory association areas

In dominant sphere = wenicke’s area

Question 20

What is the function of wenicke’s area and where is it found?

Answer 20

Found behind area 41, 42 which is the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe
It is crucial for understanding spoken word

Question 21

Where specifically is the primary visual cortex found?

Answer 21

On the medial side of either side of the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe

Question 22

Excluding the primary visual cortex, what is the remaining of the occipital lobe referred to as?

Answer 22

Area 18, 19

Question 23

What part of the brain is responsible for interpretation of visual images? (Visual association cortex)

Answer 23

Area 18, 19 of the occipital lobe

Question 24

What is the function of the lambic system?

Answer 24

Involved in memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

Question 25

What can damage to the inner surface of the frontal cortex cause and why?

Answer 25

It can cause personality changes
Damage to the inner surface of the frontal lobe will cause damage to the lambic system which is located in the medical part of the frontal lobe
The lambic system is responsible for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

Question 26

What are the language areas of the brain?

Answer 26

Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)

Broca’s area (frontal lobe)

Question 27

What is the term for problems with speech due to damage of the speech areas in the brain?

Answer 27

Aphasia

Question 28

What is the difference in Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 28

Broca’s aphasia will present with missing words, the patient will be aware of difficulties but will be able to understand speech. They will have paralysis of one side

In wernicke’s aphasia the patient will speak fluently but will introduce new words and wont be aware of this. They wont be paralysed.

Question 29

What are the 3 types of myelinated fibres?

Answer 29

Commissural fibres
Association fibres
Projection fibres

Question 30

What does the association fibres connect?

Answer 30

One part of the cortex to another - primary cortex to association cortex

Question 31

What does the projection fibres connect?

Answer 31

The cerebral cortex and various subcortical centers

Question 32

What is the imaging modality that can map functional white matter tracts?

Answer 32

3D cerebral tractohgraphy

Question 33

What structures surround the internal capsule?

Answer 33

Medially - thalamus & caudate nucleus

Laterally - lentiform nucleus

Question 34

What are the different basal ganglia?

Answer 34

Caudate nucleus
Globes pallidus
Putamen
Substantial nigra

Question 35

Where is the substantial Nigeria located?

Answer 35

The midbrain

Question 36

What basal ganglia make up the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 36

The Putamen with the globus pallidus inside it

Question 37

What basal ganglia recieve motor input?

Answer 37

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 38

What basal ganglia are the output regions?

Answer 38

Substantial Nigra

Globes pallidus

Question 39

Where does the globus pallidus project information to?

Answer 39

The thalamus

Question 40

Where does the input regions of the basal ganglia receive the input from
?

Answer 40

The motor cortex, pre motor cortex and the thalamus

Question 41

What does the basal ganglia do?

Answer 41

Helps regulate initiation and termination of movement

Plays a role in controlling motor system so are referred to as the extrapyramidal system

Question 42

Name 3 conditions caused by pathologies of the basal ganglia?

Answer 42

Parkinson’s, Chorea, Athetosis

Question 43

What is responsible for initiation and termination of movement?

Answer 43

Basal ganglia