The Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards
What separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
What separates the parietal from the occipital lobe?
Parietal-occipital sulcus
What sulcus is found in the median section running horizontally superior to the corpus callosum?
Cingulate sulcus
What separates the frontal lobe form the parietal lobe?
Central gyrus
What separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?
Lateral sulcus
What separates the occipital lobe into 2?
Calcarine fissure
What makes up the medial portions of the cerebral hemisphere?
Limbic system
What is the function of the adjacent association areas?
They help us make sense of what we are feeling, touching, smelling etc.
I.e. we can feel that we have car keys in our pocket just by feeling - without looking at them
What is the area directly anterior to the pre-central gyrus and what is it ?
Primary motor cortex
Area 4
What is the area posterior to the post-central gyrus and what is it?
Areas 3,1,2
Primary sensory cortex
What is the name of the area which occupies the inferior part of the frontal lobe and what is it for?
Area 44, 45 inferior frontal gyrus
Broca’s area of motor speech - tell us how to talk I.e. by moving our lips
Where is the general sensory association area located?
Superior parietal lobule
In the dominant hemisphere what does the inferior lobule of the parietal lobe contribute to?
Language functions
What is the function of the inferior lobule of the parietal lobe?
Interference between somatosensory cortex and visual auditory association
What occurs as a consequence of parietal lobe lesion?
Hemisensory neglect
What is the main function of the temporal lobe?
Smelling and hearing
Within what lobe is area 41,42 located?
Temporal lobe
What is area 41, 42?
The superior temporal gurus - primary auditory cortex
What is found posterior to area 41 , 42?
Auditory association areas
In dominant sphere = wenicke’s area
What is the function of wenicke’s area and where is it found?
Found behind area 41, 42 which is the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe
It is crucial for understanding spoken word
Where specifically is the primary visual cortex found?
On the medial side of either side of the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe
Excluding the primary visual cortex, what is the remaining of the occipital lobe referred to as?
Area 18, 19
What part of the brain is responsible for interpretation of visual images? (Visual association cortex)
Area 18, 19 of the occipital lobe
What is the function of the lambic system?
Involved in memory and emotional aspects of behaviour
What can damage to the inner surface of the frontal cortex cause and why?
It can cause personality changes
Damage to the inner surface of the frontal lobe will cause damage to the lambic system which is located in the medical part of the frontal lobe
The lambic system is responsible for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour
What are the language areas of the brain?
Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)
Broca’s area (frontal lobe)
What is the term for problems with speech due to damage of the speech areas in the brain?
Aphasia
What is the difference in Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia?
Broca’s aphasia will present with missing words, the patient will be aware of difficulties but will be able to understand speech. They will have paralysis of one side
In wernicke’s aphasia the patient will speak fluently but will introduce new words and wont be aware of this. They wont be paralysed.
What are the 3 types of myelinated fibres?
Commissural fibres
Association fibres
Projection fibres
What does the association fibres connect?
One part of the cortex to another - primary cortex to association cortex
What does the projection fibres connect?
The cerebral cortex and various subcortical centers
What is the imaging modality that can map functional white matter tracts?
3D cerebral tractohgraphy
What structures surround the internal capsule?
Medially - thalamus & caudate nucleus
Laterally - lentiform nucleus
What are the different basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus
Globes pallidus
Putamen
Substantial nigra
Where is the substantial Nigeria located?
The midbrain
What basal ganglia make up the lentiform nucleus?
The Putamen with the globus pallidus inside it
What basal ganglia recieve motor input?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
What basal ganglia are the output regions?
Substantial Nigra
Globes pallidus
Where does the globus pallidus project information to?
The thalamus
Where does the input regions of the basal ganglia receive the input from
?
The motor cortex, pre motor cortex and the thalamus
What does the basal ganglia do?
Helps regulate initiation and termination of movement
Plays a role in controlling motor system so are referred to as the extrapyramidal system
Name 3 conditions caused by pathologies of the basal ganglia?
Parkinson’s, Chorea, Athetosis
What is responsible for initiation and termination of movement?
Basal ganglia
