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BRS NEUROLOGY > The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

Nervous system can be divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What is the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the PNS?

A

nerves (cranial and spinal) and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the brain composed of?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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5
Q

What is the breakdown of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?

A
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6
Q

Label this diagram. (mid-saggital view)

A
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7
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Regulating and initiating motor function, language, cognitive functions (executive function [e.g. planning], attention, memory)

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8
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensation (touch, pain), sensory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self- perception

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9
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

Processing auditory information

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10
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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11
Q

What is the limbic lobe?

A

limbic lobe includes the amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus

Concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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12
Q

What is the insular cortex?

A

Insular cortex (lobe) lies deep within lateral fissure

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual- vestibular integration (what we see and what our organs feel)

interoception= sensations within the body e.g., hunger

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura, arachnoid, pia mater (DAP)

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14
Q

What is the dura?

A

thick,
composed of 2 layers periosteal - layer of periosteum
meningeal - durable, dense fibrous membrane

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15
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

the membrane of blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

What is the arachnoid layer?

A

thin, transparent, fibrous membrane

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17
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

thin, translucent & mesh-like
- 2 cells thick

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18
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

in choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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19
Q

What does CSF occupy?

A

Occupies ventricular system and sub- arachnoid space

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20
Q

How much CSF is there and how much is produced each day?

A

~125 ml volume and 500 ml produced each day

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21
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Reabsorbed via arachnoid villi (granulations) into superior sagittal sinus

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22
Q

How would you compare CSF and plasma?

A

Lower pH, less glucose, protein and potassium than plasma

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23
Q

What is the spinal cord anatomy?

A

Dorsal rootlets
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Mixed spinal nerve
Dorsal horn
grey matter
Ventral horn
White matter
Ventral rootlets
Ventral root

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24
Q

Describe the spinal cord.

A

Composed of segments – each gives rise to a pair of mixed spinal nerves.
Cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1).

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25
Q

Where do nerves emerge through?

A

intervertebral foramina

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26
Q

What is the relationship between nerves and foramina?

A

Relationship between nerves and foramina changes between cervical and thoracic regions.

Nerves C1-C7 emerge above vertebrae

Nerves C8-Co1 emerge below vertebrae

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27
Q

What is the posterior and ventral root?

A

posterior= dorsal root
ventral= anterior

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28
Q

What is the relationship between the spinal cord and spinal column?

A

The spinal column outgrows the spinal cord

29
Q

What is cervical enlargement for?

A

innervation of upper limbs

30
Q

What are lumbar enlargements for?

A

Innervation of lower limbs

31
Q

Why are lumbar spinal cord larger?

A

due to more muscles

32
Q

Describe the spinal cord enlargements…

A
33
Q

What are the major descending pathways?

A

Major pathway for voluntary movement is the corticospinal tract

Composed of upper motor neurons in primary motor cortex and lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord

34
Q

What are the major ascending pathways?

A

Main pathways for sensation are the dorsal column pathway and the spinothalamic tract

Dorsal column pathway is for fine touch, vibration and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints

Spinothalamic pathway is for pain, temperature (and crude touch) from the skin

35
Q

Describe the spinal cord anatomy.

A

Descending tracts= motor

Ascending tracts= sensory

Descending= lateral corticospinal tract, ventral corticospinal tract

ascending= dorsal column, lateral spinothalamic tract, ventral spinothalamic tract

36
Q

What is crude touch?

A

Less localised touch

37
Q

What are the motor pathways- corticospinal tract?

A

Pre-central gyrus
Central sulcus
post-central gyrus
Primary motor cortex

38
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

Somatotopy is the point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system

39
Q

Where is the upper and lower motor neurone?

A

lower spinal cord
upper in the primary motor cortex

40
Q

What plane is this?

A

coronal

41
Q

Describe the structure of the corticospinal tract.

A

Approximately 85% of fibres decussate (cross) in the medulla

42
Q

What makes up the corticobulbar tract?

A

Collection of cell bodies that sends their nerve fibres out to muscles of the face

Oculomotor nucleus
Trochlear nucleus
Trigeminal motor nucleus
Abducens nucleus
Facial nucleus
Hypoglossal nucleus

(3,4,5,6,7,12)

43
Q

What is the role of the nuclei in the corticobulbar tract?

A

Oculomotor nucleus= extraocular muscles
Trochlear nucleus= extraocular muscles
Trigeminal motor nucleus= muscles of mastication
Abducens nucleus= extraocular muscles
Facial nucleus= muscles of facial expression
Hypoglossal nucleus= muscles of the tongue

44
Q

What plane section is this? (also look at the placement of the things in the photo e.g., corticospinal tract)

A

Horizontal

45
Q

What are the brainstem motor tracts?

A

Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal
Reticulospinal
rubrospinal

46
Q

What is the vestibulospinal brainstem motor tract?

A

provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments

47
Q

What is the tectospinal brainstem motor tract?

A

orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

48
Q

What is the reticulospinal brainstem motor tract?

A

preparatory and movement-related activities, postural control

49
Q

What is the rubrospinal brainstem motor tract?

A

innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb

50
Q

What are the somatosensory pathways?

A

a complex network of nerves that transmit sensory information

51
Q

What are the structures involved in somatosensory pathways?

A

Pre-central gyrus
Central sulcus
Post-central gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex

52
Q

What are the 2 principle ascending pathways?

A

Dorsal (posterior) column pathway
Spinothalamic pathway

53
Q

What is the Dorsal (posterior) column pathway for?

A

Mechanical:
Fine discriminative touch
Pressure
Vibration
Proprioception

54
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway for?

A

Mechanical, chemical & thermal:
Crude touch
Pain
Temperature

55
Q

Describe the dorsal column pathway.

A

Fibres enter via the dorsal horn and enter the ascending dorsal column pathways

Information conveyed from lower limbs and body (below T6) travel ipsilaterally along the gracile tract

Information conveyed from upper limbs and body (above T6) travel ipsilaterally along the cuneate tract

56
Q

What are the types of sensory neurones and what are their differences?

A

primary=> comes into the cord

secondary=> crosses over

tertiary=> from thalamus to the brains to the sensory cortex

57
Q

Where is the first synapse of the gracile tract and cuneate tract?

A

gracile nucleus
cuneate nucleus

58
Q

What do the blue bumps mean and what is the difference between fasciculus gracilis/ cuneatus?

A

4 bumps= arm and leg
2 bump= j leg/ arm

gracilis= lower limbs/ lower extremities/ legs
cuneatus= upper extremities…

59
Q

What are second order axons?

A

Second order axons decussate in the caudal medulla

Form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract

Synapse in the thalamus

60
Q

What are 3rd order neurones?

A

3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the
somatosensory cortex
Size of somatotopic areas is proportional to density of sensory receptors in that body region (somatosensory homunculus)

61
Q

What is the purpose of the spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway?

A

Pain and temperature sensations ascend within the lateral spinothalamic tract

Crude touch ascends within the anterior spinothalamic tract

62
Q

Where do primary afferent axons terminate?

A

terminate upon entering the spinal cord

63
Q

When do second order neurones decussate?

A

Second order neurons decussate immediately in the spinal cord and form the spinothalamic tract

64
Q

Where do 2nd order neurones terminate?

A

in the thalamus

65
Q

What do 3rd order neurones do?

A

3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex

66
Q

How is the CNS protected?

A

meningeal coverings
brain and spinal cord are bathed in cerebrospinal fluid

67
Q

Enlargements of the spinal cord are associated with what?

A

innervation of limbs

68
Q

Give an overview of descending and ascending pathways?

A

Major descending pathways for voluntary movements, corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

Major ascending pathway for light touch, proprioception and vibration is the dorsal column pathway

Major ascending pathway for crude touch, pain and temperature sensations is the spinothalamic pathway

BRS NEUROLOGY (22 decks)

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