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The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

Nervous system can be divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What is the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the PNS?

A

nerves (cranial and spinal) and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the brain composed of?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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5
Q

What is the breakdown of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?

A
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6
Q

Label this diagram. (mid-saggital view)

A
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7
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Regulating and initiating motor function, language, cognitive functions (executive function [e.g. planning], attention, memory)

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8
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensation (touch, pain), sensory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self- perception

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9
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

Processing auditory information

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10
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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11
Q

What is the limbic lobe?

A

limbic lobe includes the amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus

Concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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12
Q

What is the insular cortex?

A

Insular cortex (lobe) lies deep within lateral fissure

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual- vestibular integration (what we see and what our organs feel)

interoception= sensations within the body e.g., hunger

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura, arachnoid, pia mater (DAP)

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14
Q

What is the dura?

A

thick,
composed of 2 layers periosteal - layer of periosteum
meningeal - durable, dense fibrous membrane

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15
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

the membrane of blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

What is the arachnoid layer?

A

thin, transparent, fibrous membrane

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17
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

thin, translucent & mesh-like
- 2 cells thick

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18
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

in choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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19
Q

What does CSF occupy?

A

Occupies ventricular system and sub- arachnoid space

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20
Q

How much CSF is there and how much is produced each day?

A

~125 ml volume and 500 ml produced each day

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21
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Reabsorbed via arachnoid villi (granulations) into superior sagittal sinus

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22
Q

How would you compare CSF and plasma?

A

Lower pH, less glucose, protein and potassium than plasma

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23
Q

What is the spinal cord anatomy?

A

Dorsal rootlets
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Mixed spinal nerve
Dorsal horn
grey matter
Ventral horn
White matter
Ventral rootlets
Ventral root

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24
Q

Describe the spinal cord.

A

Composed of segments – each gives rise to a pair of mixed spinal nerves.
Cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1).

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25
Where do nerves emerge through?
intervertebral foramina
26
What is the relationship between nerves and foramina?
Relationship between nerves and foramina changes between cervical and thoracic regions. Nerves C1-C7 emerge above vertebrae Nerves C8-Co1 emerge below vertebrae
27
What is the posterior and ventral root?
posterior= dorsal root ventral= anterior
28
What is the relationship between the spinal cord and spinal column?
The spinal column outgrows the spinal cord
29
What is cervical enlargement for?
innervation of upper limbs
30
What are lumbar enlargements for?
Innervation of lower limbs
31
Why are lumbar spinal cord larger?
due to more muscles
32
Describe the spinal cord enlargements...
33
What are the major descending pathways?
Major pathway for voluntary movement is the corticospinal tract Composed of upper motor neurons in primary motor cortex and lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord
34
What are the major ascending pathways?
Main pathways for sensation are the dorsal column pathway and the spinothalamic tract Dorsal column pathway is for fine touch, vibration and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints Spinothalamic pathway is for pain, temperature (and crude touch) from the skin
35
Describe the spinal cord anatomy.
Descending tracts= motor Ascending tracts= sensory Descending= lateral corticospinal tract, ventral corticospinal tract ascending= dorsal column, lateral spinothalamic tract, ventral spinothalamic tract
36
What is crude touch?
Less localised touch
37
What are the motor pathways- corticospinal tract?
Pre-central gyrus Central sulcus post-central gyrus Primary motor cortex
38
What is somatotopy?
Somatotopy is the point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system
39
Where is the upper and lower motor neurone?
lower spinal cord upper in the primary motor cortex
40
What plane is this?
coronal
41
Describe the structure of the corticospinal tract.
Approximately 85% of fibres decussate (cross) in the medulla
42
What makes up the corticobulbar tract?
Collection of cell bodies that sends their nerve fibres out to muscles of the face Oculomotor nucleus Trochlear nucleus Trigeminal motor nucleus Abducens nucleus Facial nucleus Hypoglossal nucleus (3,4,5,6,7,12)
43
What is the role of the nuclei in the corticobulbar tract?
Oculomotor nucleus= extraocular muscles Trochlear nucleus= extraocular muscles Trigeminal motor nucleus= muscles of mastication Abducens nucleus= extraocular muscles Facial nucleus= muscles of facial expression Hypoglossal nucleus= muscles of the tongue
44
What plane section is this? (also look at the placement of the things in the photo e.g., corticospinal tract)
Horizontal
45
What are the brainstem motor tracts?
Vestibulospinal Tectospinal Reticulospinal rubrospinal
46
What is the vestibulospinal brainstem motor tract?
provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments
47
What is the tectospinal brainstem motor tract?
orientation of the head and neck during eye movements
48
What is the reticulospinal brainstem motor tract?
preparatory and movement-related activities, postural control
49
What is the rubrospinal brainstem motor tract?
innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb
50
What are the somatosensory pathways?
a complex network of nerves that transmit sensory information
51
What are the structures involved in somatosensory pathways?
Pre-central gyrus Central sulcus Post-central gyrus primary somatosensory cortex
52
What are the 2 principle ascending pathways?
Dorsal (posterior) column pathway Spinothalamic pathway
53
What is the Dorsal (posterior) column pathway for?
Mechanical: Fine discriminative touch Pressure Vibration Proprioception
54
What is the spinothalamic pathway for?
Mechanical, chemical & thermal: Crude touch Pain Temperature
55
Describe the dorsal column pathway.
Fibres enter via the dorsal horn and enter the ascending dorsal column pathways Information conveyed from lower limbs and body (below T6) travel ipsilaterally along the gracile tract Information conveyed from upper limbs and body (above T6) travel ipsilaterally along the cuneate tract
56
What are the types of sensory neurones and what are their differences?
primary=> comes into the cord secondary=> crosses over tertiary=> from thalamus to the brains to the sensory cortex
57
Where is the first synapse of the gracile tract and cuneate tract?
gracile nucleus cuneate nucleus
58
What do the blue bumps mean and what is the difference between fasciculus gracilis/ cuneatus?
4 bumps= arm and leg 2 bump= j leg/ arm gracilis= lower limbs/ lower extremities/ legs cuneatus= upper extremities...
59
What are second order axons?
Second order axons decussate in the caudal medulla Form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract Synapse in the thalamus
60
What are 3rd order neurones?
3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex Size of somatotopic areas is proportional to density of sensory receptors in that body region (somatosensory homunculus)
61
What is the purpose of the spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway?
Pain and temperature sensations ascend within the lateral spinothalamic tract Crude touch ascends within the anterior spinothalamic tract
62
Where do primary afferent axons terminate?
terminate upon entering the spinal cord
63
When do second order neurones decussate?
Second order neurons decussate immediately in the spinal cord and form the spinothalamic tract
64
Where do 2nd order neurones terminate?
in the thalamus
65
What do 3rd order neurones do?
3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex
66
How is the CNS protected?
meningeal coverings brain and spinal cord are bathed in cerebrospinal fluid
67
Enlargements of the spinal cord are associated with what?
innervation of limbs
68
Give an overview of descending and ascending pathways?
Major descending pathways for voluntary movements, corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts Major ascending pathway for light touch, proprioception and vibration is the dorsal column pathway Major ascending pathway for crude touch, pain and temperature sensations is the spinothalamic pathway

BRS NEUROLOGY (22 decks)

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