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BRS NEUROLOGY > 1b// Cerebral Vasculature and Cerebrovascular disorders > Flashcards

1b// Cerebral Vasculature and Cerebrovascular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

why is the brain vulnerable if blood supply is impaired?

A

6% of liver glucose, 10-20% of all cardiac output - 20% of all body O2 consumption despite being only 2% of body weight

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2
Q

what are the main blood supplies for the brain?

A

vertebral arteries

internal carotid arteries from common carotid

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3
Q

what is the main cerebral branch of the internal carotid artery?

A

middle cerebral artery

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4
Q

what artery sits on the pons?

A

basilar artery

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5
Q

what artery connects the posterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery?

A

posterior communicating artery

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6
Q

what artery connects the anterior communicating cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery?

A

anterior cerebral artery

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7
Q

what do the vertebral arteries connect to form?

A

basilar artery

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8
Q

Label.

A

Circle of Willis

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9
Q

where is the confluence of sinuses?

A

at the base of the occipital bone, medially.

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10
Q

what does the sigmoid sinus eventually become?

A

internal jugular vein

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11
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the brain.

A

cerebral veins–> venous sinuses in the dura mater–> internal jugular vein

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12
Q

Label.

A
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13
Q

What are the 4 types of haemorrhages?

A

extradural
subdural
subarachnoid
intracerebral

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14
Q

What is an extradural haemorrhage?

A

trauma, immediate clinical effects (arterial, high pressure)

on skull

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15
Q

What is a weak spot for an extradural haemorrhage?

A

pterion

truma leads to a burst in the middle meningeal artery

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16
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

trauma, can be delayed clinical effects (venous, lower pressure)

Dura mater

17
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

ruptured aneurysms

in subarachnoid space

18
Q

what is an intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

spontaneous hypertensive

in brain

19
Q

what is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? And what are the types?

A

rapidly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular origin and of >24hr duration

thrombo-embolic (85%) or haemorrhage (15%)

majority of strokes are thrombo-embolic

20
Q

What is a transient ischaemic attack?

A

“rapidly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular origin that resolves completely within 24 hours”

21
Q

what is an infarction?

A

degenerative changes after losing blood supply/occlusion of an artery

22
Q

what is cerebral ischaemia?

A

lack of sufficient blood supply to nervous tissue resulting in permanent damage if blood flow is not restored quickly

23
Q

what is a thrombosis?

A

formation of a blood clot

24
Q

what is an embolism?

A

plugging of small vessel by material carried from larger vessels e.g thrombi from the heart, atherosclerotic debrias from the internal carotid, air, fat

25
Q

what is the difference between embolism and thrombosis?

A

a thrombosis is a type of embolism (a blood clot that may travel and cause embolism)

26
Q

what are the risk factors for a stroke? (5)

A 
AGE
hypertension
cardiac disease
smoking
diabetes mellitus
27
Q

What is the public health initative for strokes?

28
Q

what is a perfusion field?

A

region of the brain a specific vessel is responsible for providing o2 to

29
Q

what is the perfusion field for the middle cerebral artery?

A

most of the lateral surface of the cerebral cortex and subcortical deep structures

30
Q

what is the perfusion field for the anterior cerebral artery?

A

medial part of cerebral cortex

31
Q

what is the perfusion field for the posterior cerebral artery?

A

occipital lobe laterally extending to below the thalamus medially (inferior temporal)

32
Q

how does an occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery present? (3)

A

paralysis of contralateral LEG, arm, face
disturbance of intellect, judgement and executive function
loss of appropriate social behaviour

33
Q

how does an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery present? (5)

A

classic stroke
contralateral hemiplegia arm> leg
contralateral hemisensory deficits
hemianopia
aphasia if left sided lesion

35
Q

how does an occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery present? (3)

A

visual defects - homonymous hemianopia, visual agnosia, prosopagnosia

36
Q
A

right middle cerebral artery

37
Q

path of venous drainage of the brain

A

inferior/superior sagittal sinus –> confluence of sinuses –> Great cerebral vein –> straight sinus –> confluence of sinuses –> Transverse sinus –> sigmoid sinus –> jugular foramen–> internal jugular vein

38
Q

what are the venous sinuses of the brain

A 
inferior/superior sagittal sinus
straight sinus
confluence of sinuses
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
39
Q

how does venous blood drain in the cerebral cortex itself

A

though dura mater forming dural venous sinuses

BRS NEUROLOGY (22 decks)

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