1b// Cerebral Vasculature and Cerebrovascular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

why is the brain vulnerable if blood supply is impaired?

A

6% of liver glucose, 10-20% of all cardiac output - 20% of all body O2 consumption despite being only 2% of body weight

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2
Q

what are the main blood supplies for the brain?

A

vertebral arteries

internal carotid arteries from common carotid

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3
Q

what is the main cerebral branch of the internal carotid artery?

A

middle cerebral artery

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4
Q

what artery sits on the pons?

A

basilar artery

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5
Q

what artery connects the posterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery?

A

posterior communicating artery

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6
Q

what artery connects the anterior communicating cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery?

A

anterior cerebral artery

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7
Q

what do the vertebral arteries connect to form?

A

basilar artery

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8
Q

Label.

A

Circle of Willis

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9
Q

where is the confluence of sinuses?

A

at the base of the occipital bone, medially.

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10
Q

what does the sigmoid sinus eventually become?

A

internal jugular vein

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11
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the brain.

A

cerebral veins–> venous sinuses in the dura mater–> internal jugular vein

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12
Q

Label.

A
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13
Q

What are the 4 types of haemorrhages?

A

extradural
subdural
subarachnoid
intracerebral

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14
Q

What is an extradural haemorrhage?

A

trauma, immediate clinical effects (arterial, high pressure)

on skull

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15
Q

What is a weak spot for an extradural haemorrhage?

A

pterion

truma leads to a burst in the middle meningeal artery

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16
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

trauma, can be delayed clinical effects (venous, lower pressure)

Dura mater

17
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

ruptured aneurysms

in subarachnoid space

18
Q

what is an intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

spontaneous hypertensive

in brain

19
Q

what is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? And what are the types?

A

rapidly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular origin and of >24hr duration

thrombo-embolic (85%) or haemorrhage (15%)

majority of strokes are thrombo-embolic

20
Q

What is a transient ischaemic attack?

A

“rapidly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular origin that resolves completely within 24 hours”

21
Q

what is an infarction?

A

degenerative changes after losing blood supply/occlusion of an artery

22
Q

what is cerebral ischaemia?

A

lack of sufficient blood supply to nervous tissue resulting in permanent damage if blood flow is not restored quickly

23
Q

what is a thrombosis?

A

formation of a blood clot

24
Q

what is an embolism?

A

plugging of small vessel by material carried from larger vessels e.g thrombi from the heart, atherosclerotic debrias from the internal carotid, air, fat

25
what is the difference between embolism and thrombosis?
a thrombosis is a type of embolism (a blood clot that may travel and cause embolism)
26
what are the risk factors for a stroke? (5)
``` AGE hypertension cardiac disease smoking diabetes mellitus ```
27
What is the public health initative for strokes?
28
what is a perfusion field?
region of the brain a specific vessel is responsible for providing o2 to
29
what is the perfusion field for the middle cerebral artery?
most of the lateral surface of the cerebral cortex and subcortical deep structures
30
what is the perfusion field for the anterior cerebral artery?
medial part of cerebral cortex
31
what is the perfusion field for the posterior cerebral artery?
occipital lobe laterally extending to below the thalamus medially (inferior temporal)
32
how does an occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery present? (3)
paralysis of contralateral LEG, arm, face disturbance of intellect, judgement and executive function loss of appropriate social behaviour
33
how does an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery present? (5)
classic stroke contralateral hemiplegia arm> leg contralateral hemisensory deficits hemianopia aphasia if left sided lesion
34
35
how does an occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery present? (3)
visual defects - homonymous hemianopia, visual agnosia, prosopagnosia
36
right middle cerebral artery
37
path of venous drainage of the brain
inferior/superior sagittal sinus --> confluence of sinuses --> Great cerebral vein --> straight sinus --> confluence of sinuses --> Transverse sinus --> sigmoid sinus --> jugular foramen--> internal jugular vein
38
what are the venous sinuses of the brain
``` inferior/superior sagittal sinus straight sinus confluence of sinuses transverse sinus sigmoid sinus ```
39
how does venous blood drain in the cerebral cortex itself
though dura mater forming dural venous sinuses