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BRS NEUROLOGY > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does dilation of pupils lead to?

A

Seeing more

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2
Q

What is the CNS (basic)?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the PNS (basic)?

A

Cranial/ spinal nerves

Not under conscious control

Controls non-skeletal peripheral function:
- heart
- smooth muscle
- internal organs
- skin

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4
Q

What are the sub-divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sensory (afferent) division=> somatic sensory and visceral sensory

Motor (efferent) division=> somatic motor, visceral motor

visceral motor=> para and sympathetic

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5
Q

What is parasympathetic and sympathetic?

A

rest and digest
routine maintenance

fight and fight
Mobilisation and increased metabolism

Often innervate the same tissues and have opposing/antagonistic effects

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6
Q

What effect do you think the PNS/ SNS will have on the heart, stomach, and the pupil?

A
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7
Q

What is an example where para and symp do not have opposing actions?

A

e.g. sympathetic controls blood vessel tone – both constriction and dilation

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8
Q

What happens all over the body by the sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A
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9
Q

What does para and symp react to?

A

sensory information received in the integrating centre
- e.g., sensory information relayed by baroreceptors determines parasympathetic/sympathetic control of heart rate

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10
Q

What is the relationship between symp and para?

A

Both are in balance and tend to be on at same time
- it’s about dominance v
- balance changes depending on situation

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11
Q

Where is autonomic sensory information relayed to?

A

to the hypothalamus

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12
Q

Where is efferent output relayed thorugh?

A

parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) neurons

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13
Q

What nuclei originate in the hypothalamus?

A

visceral motor nuclei

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14
Q

What do visceral motor neurones do?

A

These visceral motor neurons project to the brainstem or the spinal cord where they synapse with autonomic neurons (parasympathetic or sympathetic)

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15
Q

In general, what do autonomic neurones consist of?

A

two neurons – a pre-ganglionic and a post- ganglionic neuron

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16
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster or group of nerve cell bodies

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17
Q

What are parasympathetic neurones like?

A

Long pre-ganglionic fibres Ganglions close to (or embedded within) effector tissues.
Short post-ganglionic fibres

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18
Q

What are sympathetic neurones like?

A

Short pre-ganglionic fibres Ganglions close to spinal cord
Long post-ganglionic fibres (menas more a more coordinated response)

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19
Q

Overall what would a parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve look like with ganglia?

A
20
Q

What is the exception to 2 neurone arrangement in the autonomic nervous system?

A

adrenal gland
- one sympathetic nerve for adrenal glands

21
Q

What happens at the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal gland secretes a hormone
NOT a neurotransmitter
Adrenaline (and some noradrenaline)
Secreted into bloodstream NOT synapse

22
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for parasymapthetic?

A

Pre-ganglionic= ACh

post-ganglionic= ACh

23
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released for sympathetic?

A

pre-ganglionic= ACh (pre is always ACh)

post-ganglionic= noradrenaline

24
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Gut’s local nervous system
mini brain of gut

25
Q

What counts as visceral and visceral sensory info?

A

lungs, heart, digestive system etc. (not nerves)

visceral sensory is info from those to the brain

26
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system influence lung function?

A

Dilate the airways?

27
Q

What is the situation with the lungs and parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation?

A

Unusual situation – there are parasympathetic nerves innervating the lung tissue.
There are NO sympathetic neurons innervating the lung tissue

28
Q

What does the ANS control?

A

The ANS is a regulatory system that controls many of the body’s organ systems and homeostatic mechanisms

29
Q

In general, how would you describe the ANS effects?

A

involuntary I.e., they are reflex responses to visceral stimuli

30
Q

What adds a layer of complexity to GI responses of the ANS?

A

the enteric nervous system

31
Q

What is the micturition reflex?

A

a bladder-to-bladder contraction reflex

(visceral sensory= pressure builds up in bladder)

32
Q

What happens in a micturition reflex?

A
33
Q

What are examples of sensory input?

A

drop in blood pressure, smell of food, exposure to sunlight

(enteric nervous system= mini brain of gut)

34
Q

What type of receptor would you want at autonomic ganglia?

A
35
Q

Where are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors found in para and symp?

A
36
Q

What are nicotinic ACh receptors?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors mediate the responses to acetylcholine released from preganglionic fibres at all autonomic ganglia.

In addition, they also mediate the response to acetylcholine released by sympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal medulla.

Different receptors mediate the effects of neurotransmitters released from postganglionic fibres.

37
Q

What are the receptors at post-ganglionic para and symp neurones?

A

muscarinic= para

adrenergic= symp

38
Q

What are the steps of neurotransmission?

A
39
Q

What are the steps for neurotransmission for acetylcholine?

A
40
Q

What are the steps for neurotransmission for noradrenaline?

A
  1. Tyrosine converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase. DOPA converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase
  2. Dopamine packaged into vesicles with dopamine β hydroxylase. Noradrenaline is the product
41
Q

What are the steps for neurotransmission for adrenaline?

A

Notice…
COMT
MOA-O

42
Q

What are the steps for neurotransmission of adrenaline to kidneys?

A
43
Q

What do you notice about neurotransmitter biosynthesis?

A

It is similar in all ANS neurones

differences: Multiple enzymatic reactions to generate NA/adrenaline vs one for ACh

44
Q

Where is ACh metabolised?

A

ACh metabolised in synapse and metabolites transported back to pre-synaptic neuron.

45
Q

When is noradrenaline metabolised?

A

NA transported back to pre-synaptic neuron and then metabolised

BRS NEUROLOGY (22 decks)

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