The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Question 1

Proteins = polypeptides = polymers of amino acids

Answer 1

Polypeptides: un-branched polymers made from the same set of 20 amino acids (the monomers). Functional molecule may consists of one or more polypeptides (eg. hemoglobin made of 2 alpha and 2 beta)

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

producing the RNA copy of the required gene
 in the eukaryotes nucleus
 RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and makes a mRNA complementary to the DNA gene

Question 3

Translation

Answer 3

decoding the copied RNA sequence to produce the protein it codes for

Question 4

mRNA

Answer 4

leaves nucleus through nuclear pores into cytoplasm

Question 5

ribosomes

Answer 5

assemble amino acids to synthesize proteins

Question 6

tRNA

Answer 6

carry amino acids at one end & a three-letter nucleotide sequence called Anticodons on the other end

Question 7

codons

Answer 7

 codons on the mRNA compliment anticodons and assure correct sequence of amino acids

Question 8

start codons

Answer 8

AUG

Question 9

Point Mutation

Answer 9

– when the mutation is a change in a single base pair.
1) Neutral Mutation (= silent mutation) When the mutation in the DNA does not change the amino acid that is called for
2) Replacement Mutation (missense mutation in textbook) – Mutation codes for a different amino acid to be inserted into protein
3) Nonsence Mutation – change codes for stop codon, prematurely signals the cell to stop building a protein

Question 10

Frameshift mutation

Answer 10

• Bases are added (insertion mutation) or deleted (deletion mutation) -> all codons “downstream” of the insertion or deletion can be off