the Cells of Immunity

Question 1

Range of white blood cells in body

Answer 1

4500, 11000 (7400)

Question 2

Range of neutrophils

Answer 2

1800-7700 (4400)

Question 3

Range of Eosinophils

Answer 3

0-450 (200)

Question 4

Basophils

Answer 4

0-200 (40)

Question 5

Monocytes

Answer 5

0-800 (300)

Question 6

Lymphocytes

Answer 6

1000-4800 (2500)

Question 7

Phagocytes: Primary functions

Answer 7

ingest, destroy microbes, and “scavenge”

scavenger effect = phagocytic removal of dead matter and debris

Question 8

Which cells are considered phagocytes?

Answer 8

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 9

Steps in functional response to phagocytes:

Answer 9

recruitment of the cells to the sites of infection

Recognition of and activation by microbes

ingestion via phagocytosis

destruction of ingested microbes

Question 10

Activated phagocytes secrete what? and why?

Answer 10

cytokines, promote immune responses

Question 11

Neutrophils in Normal blood smear

Answer 11

also called polynuclear leukocytes because of nucleus is segmented into 3-5 connected bodies

Question 12

diameter of a neutrophil

Answer 12

12-15 micrometers

Question 13

time wise, what part of the inflammatory process does the neutrophil mediate?

Answer 13

the earliest

Question 14

Neutrophils are produced in the

Answer 14

bone marrow

Question 15

T/F Neutrophils arise from the same precursors that give rise to mononuclear phagocytes

Answer 15

T

Question 16

an adult produces more than

Answer 16

1 x 10^11 neutrophils a day

Question 17

How long do neutrophils circulate in the blood?

Answer 17

from a few hours to days

Question 18

After entering tissues specifically, how long do neutrophils live?

Answer 18

1-2 days and then die

Question 19

Production of neutrophils is stimulated by

Answer 19

a cytokine called granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Question 20

Neutrophil _____ _____ stain with ______ dyes

Answer 20

specific granules, neutral

Question 21

Eosinophils stain with ____ dyes

Answer 21

eosin

Question 22

Basophils stain with ___ dyes

Answer 22

basic

Question 23

Neutrophils respond to microbes of different sizes. How? What happens?

Answer 23

1. Neutrophils bind/internalize yeast cells
2. sequester them in phagosomes
3. fuse with azurophilic granules which release ROS and enzymes such neutrophil elastase into phag., contributing to their death
4. molecules as large as the hyphae (unicellular yeast) however cant be engulfed, so azurophilic granules are free to deliver their contents instead into the nucleus, which triggers chromatin decondensation and the release of NETs,
5. NETs contribute to immobalization and killing of extracellular organisms, but at the cost of tissue damage.

Question 24

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)

Answer 24

DNA and histones, decorated by proteins from primary granules and secondary granules

mitochondria can also serve as a source of DNA for NET

Question 25

Formation of NETs

Answer 25

rapid, active process (occurs in 3 minutes) possibly mediated by a cell death-dependent process referred to as NETosis

Question 26

NETosis process (2 events)

Answer 26

chromatin condensation, nuclear membrane disintegration

Question 27

4 medical conditions associated with NETosis

Answer 27

bacterial clearance, thrombosis, sepsis, SLE

Question 28

Mast cells, Basophils, Eosinophils

Answer 28

Leukocytes Play role in innate AND adaptive immune responses protect against helminths and reactions that cause allergic diseases

Question 29

Mast, basophils, Eosinophils are active in innate AND adaptive immunity T/F

Answer 29

T

Question 30

Common trait between Mast cells, basophils and Eosinophils

Answer 30

Share the common feature of having cytoplasmic granules filled with various inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators

Question 31

what are in those granules the granulocytes all have?

Answer 31

inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators

Question 32

Mast cells and staining

Answer 32

Mast cells contain histamine and other mediators, and stain purple with Giemsa

Question 33

Basophils and staining

Answer 33

basophils stain blue with Giemsa

Question 34

Eosinophils and staining

Answer 34

Eosinophils contain basic proteins and stain red with acidic dye and eosin

Question 35

RED/BLUE/PURPLE indicates what cells dyed?

Answer 35

``` Purple = Mast cells (with Giemsa) Blue = Basophils (with Giemsa) Red = Eosinophils (with acidic dyes and Eosin) ```

Question 36

Strategic Location of Mast Cells

Answer 36

Common at sites in the body that are EXPOSED TO THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT such as the skin found near blood vessels, where they can regulate vascular permeability and effector-cell recruitment mast cells can modulate the behavior of neighborhood cell populations

Question 37

Neutrophils: Specific Granule

Answer 37

Lactoferrin Lysozyme Secretory phospholipase A2

Question 38

Neutrophil: Azurophil granule

Answer 38

``` Elastase Lysozyme Myeloperoxidase Cathespin Acid hydrolases ```

Question 39

Granules in a Neutrophil include

Answer 39

Specific granules, azurophilic granules, tertiary granules

Question 40

Mononuclear Phagocyte System includes...

Answer 40

circulating monocytes and resident tissue macrophages

Question 41

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

Answer 41

macrophages play role in both innate and adaptive immunity

Question 42

"Long lived macrophages" do what?

Answer 42

take up residence in specific tissues, and assume specialize phenotypes depending on the organ

Question 43

Cells of the macrophage lineage arise from...

Answer 43

committed precursors in the bone marrow, driven by monocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

Question 44

Mature monocytes...

Answer 44

enter blood circulation, and then migrate into tissues, where they further mature into macrophages, especially during inflammation

Question 45

Origin and maturation of mononuclear phagocytes

Answer 45

fetus, yolk take up residence in specific tissues, and assume specialize phenotypes depending on the organ