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Immunology Week 1 Cards > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Specificity

A

Ensures immune response to a microbe (or nonmicrobial antigen) is targest to that microbe (or antigen)

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2
Q

Diversity

A

Very diverse: somatic recombination of gene segments responsible for generating array of antibodies

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3
Q

Memory

A

Increases ability to combat repeat infections by same microbe

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4
Q

Clonal expansion

A

Increases number of antigen specific lymphocytes to keep pase with microbes

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5
Q

Specialization

A

generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes

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6
Q

Contraction and homeostasis

A

Allows immune system to recover from one response so that it can effectively respond to newly encountered antigens

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7
Q

Nonreactivity to self

A

Prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens

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8
Q

another name for determinants

A

epitope: the part of the antigen recognized by specific lymphocytes

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9
Q

How do lymphocytes achieve such fine ability to distinguish between antigens?

A

specificity and variety of cell surface receptors

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10
Q

Total number of antigenic specificities of the lymphocyte….name and number…

A

lymphocyte repertoire; 107-109 distinct antigenic determinants

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11
Q

Primary and Secondary immune response

A

Primary: slow, produces antibody
Secondary: faster, larger, qualitatively different from the first

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12
Q

Antibodies produced by primary and secondary responses: how do they differ

A

secondary typically have a higher affinity for the epitope than the primary antibodies

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13
Q

Memory cells versus primary response cells

A

memory cells have features that make them more efficient, and they operate more rapidly

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14
Q

humoral and cell mediated immunity are elicited by

different ______ or _____ and at different ______ of _____

A

classes of microbes or at different stages of infection

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15
Q

Contraction of immune response is called the

A

return to resting stage, or homeostasis

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16
Q

Why does contraction occur?

A

Immune responses are launched to eliminate antigens; so the process wanes as the stimulus dies

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17
Q

Tolerance is also called

A

non-reactivity to self

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18
Q

Nonreactivity to self is maintained via

A

elimination of reactive lymphoctyes, inactivating them, or suppressing them

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19
Q

Regulation of immune responses

A

through positive feedback loops = amplify reaction

control mechanisms = prevent inappropriate reactions

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20
Q

T lymphocytes consist of distinct subpopulations. What are they called?

A

helper T cells and cytotoxic (cytolytic) T lymphocytes

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21
Q

antigenic ____ causes —> ___ cells to release ____

A

helper T cells to release cytokines

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22
Q

helper T cells secrete what in reaction to what?

A

cytokines, antigenic stimulation

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23
Q

cytokines secreted by helper T cells do what?

A

stimulate proliferation/differentiation of more T Cells, B cells, macrophages, and other leukocytes.

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24
Q

CTLs do what

A

kill cells that produce foreign antigens such as infected cells, virus infected cells or other intracellular microbes

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25
Q

Regulatory T cells: function

A

to suppress immune response when its unneeded

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26
Q

This is a small population of T lymphocytes that produce a cell surface protein. What is it, what’s its function?

A

Natural killer cells (NKT)

destroy infected cells (not microbes, but infected cells)

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27
Q

APCs

A

antigen presenting cells

28
Q

The most specialized APC are the

A

dendritic cells

29
Q

APCs do what

A

capture external antigens, transport them to lymphoid organs, present to naive T lymphocytes to initiate immune response

30
Q

Antigen elimination often requires what kind of cell?

A

effector cell

31
Q

What cells are dubbed “effector cells”

A

mononuclear phagocytes, activated T lymphocytes, and other leukocytes

32
Q

how does innate immune system block microbes?

A

Main barriers of defense include skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract.

33
Q

Epithelia is important, why?

A

main “interfaces” between inside and outside the body

34
Q

Main two mechanisms of innate cellular immunity

A
  1. inflammation

2. antiviral defense

35
Q

Inflammation: how does it work

A

process of leukocyte recruitment and plasma proteins from the blood, their accumulation in tissues, and activation to destroy microbes

many activities involve cytokines produced by dendritic cells

36
Q

Main cells involved in inflammation

A

leukocytes and plasma proteins

37
Q

Innate immunity is the “ ______” stage of immunity

A

decision making stage

it “evaluates” the invader in the context of intracellular vs extracellular microbes and then provides instructions to adaptive immunity

38
Q

Cell communication is through

A

cell-to-cell signaling and cytokines and chemokines

39
Q

Specific Signaling Receptors detect what?

A

specific cytokines

40
Q

Functions of cytokines

A

growth, differentiation, activation of effector functions

chemokines assist in mobility of cells

41
Q

T cells —> ___ immunity?

A

cell-mediated (cellular immunity)

42
Q

B cells —? ____ immunity?

A

humoral

involves production of immunoglobulins

43
Q

Cellular immunity:

a. who mediates it?
b. against what?
c. the function of CI
d. dual function

A

a. mediated by T-lymphocytes
b. fights intracellular infection
c. destruction of microbes residing in phagocytes, or killing of infected cells to eliminate them
d. assist B cells make effective antibodies

44
Q

Humoral Immunity

a. who mediates it?
b. against what?
c. the function of HI
d. Details

A

a. Mediated by antibodies (Abs) in blood and mucosal secretions, produced by B lymphocyte
b. extracellular microbes
c. production of Abs to recognize, neutralize microbes, or target them for destruction by various effector mechanisms
d. Effector mechanism refers to the recruitment of cells that recognize antigens on microbes and destroy them

45
Q

Immunopathology =

A

tissue damage caused by invasive microbes

46
Q

Define antigens, and what do they include?

A

substances which induce an immune response

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

47
Q

The smallest unit to which an antibody can be made is

A

6 amino acids or 5-6 sugar residues

48
Q

Describe the “smallest antigenic determinant”

A

6 amino acids or 5-6 sugar residues

49
Q

The FULL name of the structure antibodies bind to

A

conformational antigenic determinant

50
Q

conformational antigenic determinant relies on the

A

folding of the molecules

51
Q

T cell receptors recognize

A

linear amino acid sequences

52
Q

Ags which stimulate an immune response are called

A

immunogens

53
Q

All _______ are antigens but not all _____ are ______

A

All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

54
Q

Haptens

A

very small molecules that can bind to Abs and TCRs, but can’t initiate an immune response

55
Q

Innate immunity reacts to

A

products of microbes and injured cells

56
Q

In humoral immunity ___ cells do what?

A

secrete antibodies that neutralize infection and eliminate extracellular microbes

57
Q

In cell mediated immunity

A

T-helper cells activate macrophages to kill phagocytized microbes, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes directly destroy infected cells

58
Q

Clonal Selection occurs how?

A

lymphocytes possessing specific Ag receptors bind to Ag, triggerign proliferation and differentiation, giving rise to clone cells speicific for Ag

59
Q

Clone cells do what?

A

act in the presence of specific Ag to neutralize or eliminate Ag

60
Q

“Ag-specific cells” late in the immune response, is responsible for what?

A

responsible for the ‘memory’ involved in adaptive immunity

61
Q

B lymphocyte —> 1 —> 2 —> outcomes

A
  1. antigen recognition
  2. differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells
  3. neutralization of microbe, phagocytosis, complement activation
62
Q

Helper T Cell —> 1 –> 2 –> outcomes

A
  1. microbial antigen presented by antigen presenting cell to HTC
  2. Helper T lymphocyte releases cytokines
  3. cytokines can
    a. activate macrophages
    b. inflammation
    c. activation (proliferation and differentiation) of T and B lymphocytes
63
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) –> 1 —> outcomes

A
  1. infected cell expresses microbial antigen to CTL

2. CTL kills infected cell directly

64
Q

Regulatory T lymphocyte –> 1 –> outcome

A

RTL suppresses other lymphocytes to reduce immune activity

65
Q

the elimination of the antigen is called the

A

“effector stage”

66
Q

Describe stage of antigen recognition to immune memory

4 parts

A
  1. Antigen presenting cells interact with naive B and T lymphocytes,
  2. B/T lymphocytes proliferate via clonal selection into
    a. antibody producing plasma
    cells
    b. effector T cells
  3. Contraction homeostasis
    a. cells die by apoptosis
  4. surviving cells are memory cells

Immunology Week 1 Cards (7 decks)

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