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Pathophys: THE CELL > the cell p2 > Flashcards

the cell p2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is proliferation?

A

production of new cells (proliferating)

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2
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialized for its job

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3
Q

What is the primary thing that regulates proliferation and differentiation?

A

genetic programming: most important

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4
Q

What does it mean when something is genetically programmed?

A

genetically programmed into each cell, how long/ often it should divide

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5
Q

What can occur if there is a problem with cellular replication?

A

CANCER

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6
Q

Which steps of cellular respiration are abnormal during cancer?

A

both differentiation and proliferation

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7
Q

What is cancer a result of?

A

result of a mutation (change in the genes)

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8
Q

What are the risk factors of cancer?

A
  1. exposure to chemicals and carcinogens
    - radiation
    -drugs
    - cigarette
    (all these generate free radicals)
  2. cancer-causing viruses (HPV, EBV, HBV, etc.)
  3. immunological defects
  4. heredity (mutated gene may be inherited in the germ cell)
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9
Q

How do viruses cause cancer?

A

viruses need to enter the cell to replicate. viruses will take their DNA and insert it into the heat cell’s DNA. The host cell will start producing cancer cells.
GENETIC MUTATION

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10
Q

How do people with immunological deficiency get cancer?

A

The WBCs that are supposed to kill random cancer cells are not being produced or are being produced wrongly.
-immune cells are responsible for patrolling the body when the cell is mutated or not doing its job right, it should be taken away/killed by the immune system.
- if the immune system is weak and unable to detect/remove mutate cells, it increases the chance of cancer

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11
Q

What is abnormal proliferation?

A

more cells replicating than resting and are not dying
- overproducing cells, they don’t have cellular density inhibition to stop the growth.

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12
Q

What is metastasis?

A

cancer cells leaving a tumor and invading other parts of the body

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13
Q

What is the vascular endothelium growth factor? VEGF

A
  • tumor cells create their own blood vessels to survive and continue to get bigger.
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14
Q

What do cancer cells produce?

A
  1. tumors
  2. hormones (ectopic)
  3. chemical that hurt the body (toxins that hurt and never heal the tissue)
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15
Q

What are ectopic hormones?

A

Tumors produce harmful hormones that mimic the endocrine hormones.
- overproduction of hormones
hormone imbalance
- These throw off homeostasis.

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16
Q

What is PSA?

A

prostate-specific antigen. found on prostate cancer cells can be used to track cancer progress.

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17
Q

What is CEA?

A

carcinoembryonic antigen. found on different cancer cells that can be used to track cancer progress.

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18
Q

Do we use PSA and CEA to screen for cancer?

A

no

19
Q

Why don’t we use PSA and CEA to screen for cancer?

A

because some benign tumors contain PSA and CEA and these don’t appear until later stages of cancer.

20
Q

What is cancer cachexia?

A

weight loss and wasting of body fat and muscle. Cancer cells are stealing the nutrients from healthy cells
- cytokines are used to kill cancer which can cause anorexia.

21
Q

What causes pain in cancer?

A
  1. cancer cells enlarge and compress nerve endings
  2. cancer can compress tissue and cause a lack of blood flow.
  3. Cancer cells make substances that damage tissue (pain)
22
Q

What causes Anemia in cancer?

A
  1. nutritional anemia
  2. bleeding in the tissue
  3. cancer can metastasize to the bone marrow
  4. The treatment for cancer itself can cause Anemia.
23
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A
  1. non-cancerous tumor
  2. Proliferation is abnormal but differentiation is abnormal.
  3. not going to metastasis
  4. some are capsulated
  5. no weird chemicals (not tissue damage)
24
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A
  1. cancerous tumor
  2. Proliferation and differentiation are abnormal.
  3. metastasis
  4. bad chemicals
25
Q

three treatments for cancer

A

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

26
Q

Surgery

A

tumor removed from the body

27
Q

radiation

A
  1. generate free radicals that will kill the cancer cells or damage them to where they can’t replicate.
  2. Can damage normal healthy cells
  3. cells that are more rapidly proliferating are most affected.
28
Q

chemotherapy

A
  1. cell cycle specific (interrupted certain phases of replication)
  2. prevent DNA from replicating
  3. prevent cancer cells from dividing
  4. can affect normal cells
29
Q

What can chemo and radiation do?

A
  1. predisposing patients to different types of cancer in the future.
30
Q

Can a benign tumor change to a malignant one?

A

yes

31
Q

Gene disorder in somatic cell vs. germ cell

A

Somatic cell- only the person will have the problem

Germ cell- offspring will have the gene disorder.

31
Q

What is a genetic mutation?

A
  1. genes have disorder
  2. Problems with protein
  3. could be the result of radiation, chemicals, or spontaneously occurring.
32
Q

What are single-gene disorders?

A
  1. a single gene has a mutation
  2. only in the Germ cells
  3. symptoms depend on what gene has the mutation and the protein
33
Q

3 single gene disorders

A
  1. x-linked
  2. autosomal dominant
  3. autosomal recessive
34
Q

X-linked disorders (sex-linked)

A
  1. less common than autosomal
    - only one pair of sex chromosomes vs 23 pairs
  2. usually on the X chromosomes
  3. recessive gene expression
  4. females have two X’s then one can override
  5. Males usually have the disease.
  6. females are carriers
35
Q

What is an example of a X- X-linked disorder?

A
  1. Hemophilia A: excessive bleeding either spontaneously or secondary to trauma.
    - factor 8 is missing allowing blood clots in a single gene.
36
Q

autosomal recessive

A

The defective gene carries a recessive gene
- two recessive genes mean disease
- one recessive and one dominant is a carrier

37
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

The defective gene carries a dominant gene
- No carriers
- defective genes should always be “Aa”

38
Q

An example of Autosomal dominant disorder

A
  1. Marfan’s syndrome: a CT disorder, The gene that has a mistake in it is a gene that has instructions for making a connective tissue.
    -Long fingers/arms are a result.
    -Musculoskeletal disorders.
39
Q

What is an example of recessive autosomal?

A

sickle cell Anemia
- one amino acid is off
- slow blood flow
- body destroys blood cells.

40
Q

What is sickle cell trait?

A

the person who carries sickle cell but doesn’t have the disease.

41
Q

What is cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell growth, inappropriate, serves no useful purpose and continues at the expense of the host.

42
Q

Why do healthy cells die around cancer cells?

A

cancer cells steal blood supply and resources and the cell dies. THIS CAN LEAD TO ORGAN FAILURE.

43
Q
A

Pathophys: THE CELL (4 decks)

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