Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophys: THE CELL > the cell p1 > Flashcards

the cell p1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do all cells have in common?

A
  1. nucleus
  2. cell membrane
  3. cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is in the nucleus?

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA gets made
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the job of DNA?

A
  1. carries genetic information for how to make protein
  2. blueprint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is RNA?

A

carries DNA out of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can go wrong with the nucleus or DNA?

A
  1. genetic mutation
  2. proteins are going to be made defective or not at all
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can happen with a problem with ribosomes?

A
  1. problem with protein synthesis
    -incorrectly made protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can happen with a problem with the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Substances not transported
  2. protein synthesis
  3. enzymes won’t work and cell malfunctions (decrease in chemical reaction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the ER carry?

A
  1. ribosomes
  2. enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can happen with a problem with the mitochondria?

A
  1. No ATP = heart attack or stroke
  2. No cell activity = malfunction
  3. no action potentials due to lack of ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the mitochondria need to make ATP?

A
  1. fuel and oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can happen with a problem with lysosomes?

A
  1. debris build-up in the cell = lysosome storage disease
  2. Tay-Sachs disease = enzymes in lysosomes are missing. Substance accumulate in the retina and nervous system.
    patients go blind and have more dysfunction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A
  1. help break down free radicals in the lysosomes.
    - an unstable molecule that can damage cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can happen with a problem with the Golgi complex?

A
  1. proteins are misplaced
  2. enzymes are misplaced
  3. can lead to lysosomal storage disease because an enzyme that belongs to the lysosome is now in the bloodstream.
    I-cell disease = enzymes that belong in the lysosome are now in the blood digesting the wrong things.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between the Golgi complex and the ER?

A
  1. Golgi sends substances outside the cells
  2. ER sends substances inside the cell
    Golgi complex = exocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Jobs of the cell membrane

A

-regulate what comes and goes and protect and supports
-contains receptors for hormones -contains antigens that label cells as self or non-self
- transmits membrane potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can happen with a problem with the cell membrane?

A
  1. No cell communication
  2. antigen on the surface gone = autoimmune disease
  3. no action potentials = nerve and muscle cells are not functioning. = the heart muscle can malfunction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two pathways of cell metabolism?

A
  1. aerobic = mitochondria
  2. anaerobic = cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can go wrong with anaerobic metabolism?

A
  1. Prolonged anaerobic metabolism can lead to lactic acid build and acid leak can make its way to the blood. Acid in the blood can change blood PH then acidosis.
  2. respiratory arrest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do we need to have normal energy production?

A
  1. fuel
  2. oxygen
  3. enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two kinds of passive movement?

A
  1. osmosis = water
  2. diffusion = substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances between the cell membrane against the concentration gradient.
- requires ATP

22
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

hyper: too much
NA: Sodium
-emia: blood
= cell dehydration

23
Q

Normal circumstances

A

More potassium inside the cell
More sodium outside the cell

24
Q

What can go wrong with passive movement?

A
  1. If concentration gradient changes = hypernatremia
    water will leave the cell and shrink.
25
Q

What can go wrong with active transport?

A
  1. The sodium-potassium pump is needed for repolarization during the action potential. can affect the movement of muscles and nerves.
  2. no active = unequal electrolytes.
  3. calcium inside the cell = enzymes in the cells malfunction
26
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis and the differences?

A
  1. PINOcytosis= cell drinking (drink PINOt Noir)
  2. PHAGocytosis = cell eating (FAGS/PHAGS eating each other’s ass)
27
Q

What can go wrong with ENdocytosis(IN) and EXocytosis(OUT)?

A
  1. infection would arise because bacteria would be floating inside the cell
  2. bacteria will be let in and infect organelles.
28
Q

Two methods by which cells communicate.

A
  1. chemical messengers = hormones, neurotransmitter
  2. electrical signal = action potentials
29
Q

What can go wrong with chemical transmitters?

A
  1. receptors damaged
  2. receptors can not bind.
    myasthenia graves= receptors don’t work and nerves send to the motor but unsuccessful
  3. too many chemical receptors = schizophrenia (glutamate&dopamine)
  4. too few chemical receptors= cause Parkinson’s disease (low dopamine)
30
Q

What is a method to treat Parkinson’s disease?

A

give the patient chemical transmitters (dopamine)

31
Q

what method can treat Schizophrenia?

A

stop the production of chemical transmitters

32
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

electrical synapse

33
Q

What is the normal state of the cell?

A

inside is more negative than the outside of the cell.

34
Q

what happens during depolarization?

A

cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium and sodium is inside the cell.

35
Q

what happens during repolarization?

A

active transport allows potassium inside the cell and sodium gets out. The cell is back to being semi-permeable

36
Q

What can go wrong with action potential?

A
  1. cell permeability messed up
  2. electrolyte imbalance
  3. active transport
37
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Unstable molecule that can damage cells because we have one unpaired electron in the outer layer. They steal electrons from healthy body cells. Can steal electrons from cell membranes, DNA, and lysosome membranes.

38
Q

the oxidation of ATP produces free radicals

A

true

39
Q

What are anti-oxidants?

A

they donate an electron to free radicals.

40
Q

What is atrophy?

A
  1. decrease in cell size. less energy is needed for cell survival. not enough oxygen or fuel
  2. cell can’t do much (muscle reduction)
41
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A
  1. increase in cell size. increase in work demand. muscle gets bigger.
  2. The heart muscle can get too big and less blood can fit inside the ventricle.
  3. happens to people with high blood pressure
42
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

hypo: less/low amounts
oxia: Oxygen
deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

43
Q

what does hypoxia cause

A
  1. no ATP
  2. anaerobic metabolism= lactic acid= acidosis= damage cell membrane.
44
Q

Things to look for in the blood

A

KD and LD should be inside the cell but are used as markers to tell if cells are damaged.

45
Q

what does it mean if troponin is in the blood?

A

heart cells can be damaged/died & cell’s insides are leaking out into the blood

46
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A
  1. increase in number of cells. healing of wounds. tissue needs to be repaired.
  2. The uterus grows as the fetus grows
  3. sometimes the tissue can get too big (enlarged prostate)
47
Q

What is metaplasia?

A
  1. change in cell type. cells change to adapt.
    The cilia of a smoker are now more at risk of infection in the body.
48
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

deranged cell growth. increase the risk of becoming cancer. smokers can have dysplastic cells In the lungs.

49
Q

cell/ death, necrosis

A

when the cell is damaged beyond repair. can result in organ failure. some cells can be replaced but the function may still be impaired.

50
Q
A

Pathophys: THE CELL (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions