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Pathophys: THE CELL > Hematopoetic FXN > Flashcards

Hematopoetic FXN Flashcards

1
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

opp. of anemia
too many red blood cells

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2
Q

What 2 things can polycythemia indicate?

A
  1. Cancer (proliferation)
  2. Chronic hypoxia (kidney releases erythropoietin)
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3
Q

What makes people chronically hypoxic?

A

hypo: low
ox: Oxygen
1. smoking
2. lung disease (bronchitis)
3. living in higher Altitude

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4
Q

Why do athletes inject themselves with synthetic erythropoietin?

A

Because it causes polycythemia. More RBC means more oxygen to their muscles.

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5
Q

What does polycythemia cause?

A
  1. High blood pressure due to increased number of RBC.
  2. The blood becomes thicker which slows circulation and higher risk of blood clots rises.
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6
Q

What is Anemia?

A

low red blood cell count

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7
Q

Reasons people are Anemic

A
  1. nutritional deficiency
  2. iron deficiency
  3. B9 and B12
  4. blood loss
  5. bone marrow problem
  6. Autoimmune disease
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8
Q

What are microcytic hypo-chromic?

A

micro: small
cytic: cell
hypo: low
chromic: color
Small pale RBC

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9
Q

MCV (mean corpuscular volume)

A

Indicates size of RBCs. If MCV is low then the RBC are microcytic.

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10
Q

What is microcytic hypochromic anemia?

A

iron deficiency.. RBCs are low, small, and pale.

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11
Q

MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)

A

Concentration of hemoglobin per RBC.

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12
Q

Why does B12 and B9 deficiency cause anemia?

A

They are needed for DNA synthesis–> abnormal bone marrow will make abnormal RBC. RBC will be big

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13
Q

macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia

A

few, large cells filled with hemoglobin
- due to deficiency of folate or B12
- schilling test for pernicious anemia

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14
Q

what causes B12 deficiency?

A

intrinsic factor deficiency that is supposed to help B12.

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15
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor

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16
Q

normocytic normochromic anemia

A
  • RBC are normal size and color
  • rapid blood loss cause anemia
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17
Q

Chronic bleeding causes

A

iron deficiency ( Red bone marrow trying to replace these RBC and uses all the iron.

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18
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

bone marrow is not functioning/ making healthy RBCs.
low bone marrow cells (3 types)

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19
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

when the rate of RBC destruction exceeds the rate of RBC hemopoiesis.

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20
Q

Hemolytic anemia caused by

A
  1. Drugs
  2. bacteria
  3. physical trauma
  4. artificial heart valves destroy RBC
  5. Auto-immune disease against RBC
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21
Q

Symptoms of anemia

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Tired
  3. SOB
  4. dizzy
  5. Skin- pale
  6. Tachycardia –> palpitations (heart trying to perfuse the body tissue)
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22
Q

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency?

A
  1. Pale skin, nails
  2. cheilosis - sores in the corner of the mouth
  3. beefy red tongue (cheilosis/cheilitis)
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23
Q

Symptoms of B12 deficiency
needed for?

A

needed for myelin sheath
Ataxia, fatigue, peripheral neuropathy risk, Paresthesia: feeling of tingling, numbness or “pins and needles.” paralysis, death, macrocytic
GI symptoms: tongue soreness, constipation

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24
Q

symptoms of normocytic normochromic anemia

A
  1. low blood pressure
  2. increase heart rate
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25
symptoms of hemolytic anemia
1. Jandance (person turns yellow)
26
Interventions with Nutritional Anemia
1. change diet 2. vitamins 3. nutrients
27
intervention with normocytic anemia
1. stop the bleeding 2. blood transfusion
28
what causes deficiency of platelets?
1. bone marrow depression 2. spleen removal (splenomegaly) 3. autoimmune disease
29
what is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count (easy bruising & bleeding), nursing considerations bleeding, soft bristle toothbrush, and no jumping or sharp toys.
30
intervention of thrombocytopenia
1. enlarge spleen (remove spleen) 2. Autoimmune disease (put patient on immune suppression drugs) (risk of infection) -plasma exchange (trying to get rid of antibodies causing the autoimmune)
31
sometimes people have normal platelet count but...
They aren't working properly. (aspirin) causes bleeding bc they have an antiplatelet effect.
32
A higher clotting factor means
more likely to clot
33
What are thromboembolic events?
Higher risk of clotting causing - strokes - heart attack birth control causes this
34
Where are clotting factors made?
liver
35
What causes a deficiency of clotting factors?
1. liver disease 2. vitamin K deficiency 3. genetic disorder (hemophilia 8) Increased consumption: using clotting factors faster than we can replace them. EX: DIC patients: abnormally clotting/ bleeding @ the same time. (mostly found in ICU)- clotting in blood vessels all over the body
36
Why is vitamin K essential in clotting?
Clotting factors need vitamin K to work
37
What causes vitamin K deficiency?
1. liver disease (bile breaks down fat) (gallbladder) 2. intestinal flora is destroyed ( using antibiotics)
38
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
- activation of coagulation - clots are forming all over the blood - clots are blocking arteries and clotting factors that are needed in the body are now unavailable -ABNORMALLY CLOTTING AND ABNORMALLY BLEEDING -occurs in people with already critically ill
39
What is neutropenia?
low neutrophil count
40
which WBC is the primary* mechanism for defending you against microorganisms/ foreign substances that you might get in the blood?
Neutrophils: phagocytic cells that engulf substances & foreign bacteria in the blood
41
SEG neutrophils are called
mature neutrophils
42
"Band" neutrophils are called:
immature (have a band/horseshoe shape)
43
An increase to the left means an increase to "____" instead of the "____" neutrophil
band instead of seg
44
What causes an increase in the number of bands?
infection
45
Basophil is included in
allergic responses: histamine
46
primary* job of Eosinophil
defend against parasites (some granules promote inflammation while some are anti-inflammatory)
47
Monocytes:
macrophages and dendritic cells, found in tissues instead of the blood
48
lymphocytes are involved in what kind of immunity?
Adaptive immunity (a type of immunity that is built up as we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated.) includes: -B (bone marrow), T (thymus): absence of WBC below 200, NK cells----> (innate immunity)
49
What causes neutropenia?
1. bone marrow suppression 2. autoimmune disease 3. splenomegaly 4. increase consumption during infection
50
What happens in neutropenia?
increase in infection
51
What is Leukemia?
cancer of white blood cells - white blood cells are made but they aren't functioning properly. - uncontrolled proliferation
52
What are abnormal blasts?
Immature/ abnormal white blood cells in leukemia.
53
What does leukemia cause?
- Anemia - Infection - Bleeding tendencies - Spleen, liver, and lymph glands show marked infiltration, enlargement, and fibrosis - Bone pain - cancer spreads everywhere - weight loss
54
What is lymphocytic leukemia?
When the leukocytes are cancerous
55
What is myelocytic/myelogenous leukemia?
When the stem cells are cancerous
56
how to diagnose leukemia
bone marrow biopsy - lilac crest
57
Leukemia affects all other blood cells too.
due to crowding around healthy cells. Healthy RBC AND PLATELETS aren't functioning.
58
Acute vs. Chronic Leukemia?
acute: more suddenly/rapidly/ more severe from onset/ shorter survival time chronic: more gradual/slow process Acute myelocytic chronic myelocytic Acute lymphocytic chronic lymphocytic
59
What causes leukemia?
1. exposure to radiation, chemicals, drugs, and toxins 2. genetic
60
leukemia interventions
1. chemo 2. radiation 3. stem cells injected
61
what are the steps in clotting?
1. blood vessel spams and vasoconstriction triggered by injury to blood vessels or tissue 2. formation of platelet plug - adhesion and aggregation 3. blood coagulates- develop fibrin clot to stabilize. - intrinsic pathway - injury to blood vessels - extrinsic pathway - injury to tissue 4. clot retraction- liquid squeeze and vessels pulled together 5. clot dissolution- Fibrinolysis. injury is healed
62
RBCs released in bone marrow in an immature form are called:
reticulocytes (almost but not quite a mature RBC)
63
If RBC is microcytic, would MCV go up or down?
down, bc it is smaller (micro) and less Volume
64
if you had a small RBC that didn't have much hemoglobin in it, would MCHC go up or down?
down, not much hemoglobin in there, and concentration is less.
65
low MCV & MCHC =
Microcytic Hypochromic anemia
66
Spina Bifida (a birth defect in which a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop properly.) occurs with a deficiency in which vitamin?
B9
67
What is hypovolemia s/s? treatment?
hypo: low; vol: volume; -emia: blood s/s: fast heart rate/pulse, low temp/bp treatment: blood transfusion
68

Pathophys: THE CELL (4 decks)

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