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Pathophys: THE CELL > Hematopoetic FXN > Flashcards

Hematopoetic FXN Flashcards

1
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

opp. of anemia
too many red blood cells

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2
Q

What 2 things can polycythemia indicate?

A
  1. Cancer (proliferation)
  2. Chronic hypoxia (kidney releases erythropoietin)
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3
Q

What makes people chronically hypoxic?

A

hypo: low
ox: Oxygen
1. smoking
2. lung disease (bronchitis)
3. living in higher Altitude

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4
Q

Why do athletes inject themselves with synthetic erythropoietin?

A

Because it causes polycythemia. More RBC means more oxygen to their muscles.

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5
Q

What does polycythemia cause?

A
  1. High blood pressure due to increased number of RBC.
  2. The blood becomes thicker which slows circulation and higher risk of blood clots rises.
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6
Q

What is Anemia?

A

low red blood cell count

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7
Q

Reasons people are Anemic

A
  1. nutritional deficiency
  2. iron deficiency
  3. B9 and B12
  4. blood loss
  5. bone marrow problem
  6. Autoimmune disease
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8
Q

What are microcytic hypo-chromic?

A

micro: small
cytic: cell
hypo: low
chromic: color
Small pale RBC

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9
Q

MCV (mean corpuscular volume)

A

Indicates size of RBCs. If MCV is low then the RBC are microcytic.

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10
Q

What is microcytic hypochromic anemia?

A

iron deficiency.. RBCs are low, small, and pale.

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11
Q

MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)

A

Concentration of hemoglobin per RBC.

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12
Q

Why does B12 and B9 deficiency cause anemia?

A

They are needed for DNA synthesis–> abnormal bone marrow will make abnormal RBC. RBC will be big

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13
Q

macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia

A

few, large cells filled with hemoglobin
- due to deficiency of folate or B12
- schilling test for pernicious anemia

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14
Q

what causes B12 deficiency?

A

intrinsic factor deficiency that is supposed to help B12.

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15
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor

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16
Q

normocytic normochromic anemia

A
  • RBC are normal size and color
  • rapid blood loss cause anemia
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17
Q

Chronic bleeding causes

A

iron deficiency ( Red bone marrow trying to replace these RBC and uses all the iron.

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18
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

bone marrow is not functioning/ making healthy RBCs.
low bone marrow cells (3 types)

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19
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

when the rate of RBC destruction exceeds the rate of RBC hemopoiesis.

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20
Q

Hemolytic anemia caused by

A
  1. Drugs
  2. bacteria
  3. physical trauma
  4. artificial heart valves destroy RBC
  5. Auto-immune disease against RBC
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21
Q

Symptoms of anemia

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Tired
  3. SOB
  4. dizzy
  5. Skin- pale
  6. Tachycardia –> palpitations (heart trying to perfuse the body tissue)
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22
Q

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency?

A
  1. Pale skin, nails
  2. cheilosis - sores in the corner of the mouth
  3. beefy red tongue (cheilosis/cheilitis)
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23
Q

Symptoms of B12 deficiency
needed for?

A

needed for myelin sheath
Ataxia, fatigue, peripheral neuropathy risk, Paresthesia: feeling of tingling, numbness or “pins and needles.” paralysis, death, macrocytic
GI symptoms: tongue soreness, constipation

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24
Q

symptoms of normocytic normochromic anemia

A
  1. low blood pressure
  2. increase heart rate
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25
Q

symptoms of hemolytic anemia

A
  1. Jandance (person turns yellow)
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26
Q

Interventions with Nutritional Anemia

A
  1. change diet
  2. vitamins
  3. nutrients
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27
Q

intervention with normocytic anemia

A
  1. stop the bleeding
  2. blood transfusion
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28
Q

what causes deficiency of platelets?

A
  1. bone marrow depression
  2. spleen removal (splenomegaly)
  3. autoimmune disease
29
Q

what is thrombocytopenia?

A

Low platelet count (easy bruising & bleeding), nursing considerations bleeding, soft bristle toothbrush, and no jumping or sharp toys.

30
Q

intervention of thrombocytopenia

A
  1. enlarge spleen (remove spleen)
  2. Autoimmune disease (put patient on immune suppression drugs) (risk of infection)
    -plasma exchange (trying to get rid of antibodies causing the autoimmune)
31
Q

sometimes people have normal platelet count but…

A

They aren’t working properly. (aspirin) causes bleeding bc they have an antiplatelet effect.

32
Q

A higher clotting factor means

A

more likely to clot

33
Q

What are thromboembolic events?

A

Higher risk of clotting causing
- strokes
- heart attack
birth control causes this

34
Q

Where are clotting factors made?

A

liver

35
Q

What causes a deficiency of clotting factors?

A
  1. liver disease
  2. vitamin K deficiency
  3. genetic disorder (hemophilia 8)
    Increased consumption: using clotting factors faster than we can replace them. EX: DIC patients: abnormally clotting/ bleeding @ the same time. (mostly found in ICU)- clotting in blood vessels all over the body
36
Q

Why is vitamin K essential in clotting?

A

Clotting factors need vitamin K to work

37
Q

What causes vitamin K deficiency?

A
  1. liver disease (bile breaks down fat) (gallbladder)
  2. intestinal flora is destroyed ( using antibiotics)
38
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

A
  • activation of coagulation
  • clots are forming all over the blood
  • clots are blocking arteries and clotting factors that are needed in the body are now unavailable
    -ABNORMALLY CLOTTING AND ABNORMALLY BLEEDING
    -occurs in people with already critically ill
39
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

low neutrophil count

40
Q

which WBC is the primary* mechanism for defending you against microorganisms/ foreign substances that you might get in the blood?

A

Neutrophils: phagocytic cells that engulf substances & foreign bacteria in the blood

41
Q

SEG neutrophils are called

A

mature neutrophils

42
Q

“Band” neutrophils are called:

A

immature (have a band/horseshoe shape)

43
Q

An increase to the left means an increase to “____” instead of the “____” neutrophil

A

band instead of seg

44
Q

What causes an increase in the number of bands?

A

infection

45
Q

Basophil is included in

A

allergic responses: histamine

46
Q

primary* job of Eosinophil

A

defend against parasites (some granules promote inflammation while some are anti-inflammatory)

47
Q

Monocytes:

A

macrophages and dendritic cells, found in tissues instead of the blood

48
Q

lymphocytes are involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Adaptive immunity (a type of immunity that is built up as we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated.)
includes:
-B (bone marrow), T (thymus): absence of WBC below 200, NK cells—-> (innate immunity)

49
Q

What causes neutropenia?

A
  1. bone marrow suppression
  2. autoimmune disease
  3. splenomegaly
  4. increase consumption during infection
50
Q

What happens in neutropenia?

A

increase in infection

51
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

cancer of white blood cells
- white blood cells are made but they aren’t functioning properly.
- uncontrolled proliferation

52
Q

What are abnormal blasts?

A

Immature/ abnormal white blood cells in leukemia.

53
Q

What does leukemia cause?

A
  • Anemia
  • Infection
  • Bleeding tendencies
  • Spleen, liver, and lymph glands show marked infiltration, enlargement, and fibrosis
  • Bone pain
  • cancer spreads everywhere
  • weight loss
54
Q

What is lymphocytic leukemia?

A

When the leukocytes are cancerous

55
Q

What is myelocytic/myelogenous leukemia?

A

When the stem cells are cancerous

56
Q

how to diagnose leukemia

A

bone marrow biopsy
- lilac crest

57
Q

Leukemia affects all other blood cells too.

A

due to crowding around healthy cells. Healthy RBC AND PLATELETS aren’t functioning.

58
Q

Acute vs. Chronic Leukemia?

A

acute: more suddenly/rapidly/ more severe from onset/ shorter survival time
chronic: more gradual/slow process
Acute myelocytic
chronic myelocytic
Acute lymphocytic
chronic lymphocytic

59
Q

What causes leukemia?

A
  1. exposure to radiation, chemicals, drugs, and toxins
  2. genetic
60
Q

leukemia interventions

A
  1. chemo
  2. radiation
  3. stem cells injected
61
Q

what are the steps in clotting?

A
  1. blood vessel spams and vasoconstriction triggered by injury to blood vessels or tissue
  2. formation of platelet plug - adhesion and aggregation
  3. blood coagulates- develop fibrin clot to stabilize.
    - intrinsic pathway - injury to blood vessels
    - extrinsic pathway - injury to tissue
  4. clot retraction- liquid squeeze and vessels pulled together
  5. clot dissolution- Fibrinolysis. injury is healed
62
Q

RBCs released in bone marrow in an immature form are called:

A

reticulocytes (almost but not quite a mature RBC)

63
Q

If RBC is microcytic, would MCV go up or down?

A

down, bc it is smaller (micro) and less Volume

64
Q

if you had a small RBC that didn’t have much hemoglobin in it, would MCHC go up or down?

A

down, not much hemoglobin in there, and concentration is less.

65
Q

low MCV & MCHC =

A

Microcytic Hypochromic anemia

66
Q

Spina Bifida (a birth defect in which a developing baby’s spinal cord fails to develop properly.) occurs with a deficiency in which vitamin?

A

B9

67
Q

What is hypovolemia
s/s?
treatment?

A

hypo: low; vol: volume; -emia: blood
s/s: fast heart rate/pulse, low temp/bp
treatment: blood transfusion

68
Q
A

Pathophys: THE CELL (4 decks)

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