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Kaplan MCAT Biology > The Cell: Eukaryotic Cells (HY) > Flashcards

The Cell: Eukaryotic Cells (HY) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four tenets of cell theory?

A
  1. cells are the basic functional unit of life
  2. all living things are made of cells
  3. cells come from preexisting cells
  4. cell carry and pass on genetic information as DNA
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2
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus membrane?

A
  1. a double membrane (nuclear membrane) - separates nucleus from cytoplasm
  2. nuclear pores
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3
Q

what is contained within the nucleus?

A
  1. linear DNA wrapped around histones –> chromatin -> chromosomes
  2. nucleolus: synthesizes rRNA for ribosome subunit
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4
Q

where does transcription and translation occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

transcription - nucleus

translation - cytoplasm

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5
Q

what is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. intermembrane space
  3. inner membrane
  4. mitochondrial matrix inside the inner membrane
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6
Q

what are cristae and what are their purpose?

A

there are the folds of the mitochondria’s inner membrane; increase surface area for electron transport chain enzymes

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7
Q

how do mitochondria replicate?

A

binary fission

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8
Q

what is cytoplasmic or extranuclear inheritance? give an example

A

transmission of genetic information independent of the nucleus; ex. mitochondria

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9
Q

How can mitochondria kick-start apoptosis?

A

release enzymes from electron transport chain

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10
Q

Do lysosomes have a membrane? What do they contain? What is their function function?

A
  1. single membrane
  2. hydrolytic/hydrolase enzyme
  3. break down waste and ingested products
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11
Q

What is the function of endosomes?

A

transport and sort materials to/from cell membrane

transport from trans-golgi, to lysosomes, and to/from cell membrane

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12
Q

what happens when enzymes are released from lysosomes?

A

autolysis and apoptosis

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13
Q

Do endoplasmic reticulum have a membrane? What is the function of the rough ER? Smooth ER?

A
  1. ER has a single membrane contiguous with nuclear envelope
  2. rough ER: spotted with ribosomes for protein translation
  3. smooth ER: lipid synthesis; detoxifcation; transports protein from RER to golgi apparatus
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14
Q

which organelles have a double membrane?

A
  1. chloroplast
  2. mitochondria
  3. nucleus
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15
Q

what is the membrane structure of the golgi apparatus? what is its function?

A
  1. single membrane formed stacks of sacs

2. protein modifications; attach signal sequences for transport

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16
Q

How do proteins travel between RER, SER, golgi, and lysosomes?

A

RER -> SER –> vesicle –> golgi apparatus –> vesicle –> lysosome, exocytosis, or somewhere else

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17
Q

What do peroxisomes contain? what are their functions?

A
  1. contain hydrogen peroxide and enzymes involves in pentose phosphate pathway
  2. Beta-oxidation for breakdown of long chain fatty acids; synthesis of phospholipids; pentose phosphate pathway
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18
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. microtubules
  3. intermediate filaments
19
Q

what is the structure of microfilaments?

A

solid polymerized rods of actin

20
Q

what is the structure of microtubules?

A

hollow polymerized rods of tubulin

21
Q

what are three functions of microfilaments?

A
  1. cell movement
  2. muscle contraction through interaction with myosin
  3. form cleavage furrow in cytokinesis
22
Q

what are two functions of microtubules?

A
  1. pathways for motor proteins (kinesin, dynein) to carry vesicles
  2. form cilia and flagella
23
Q

what is the functional difference between cilia and flagella?

A

flagella are involved in movement of the cell itself. cilia are involved in movement of materials along cell surface

24
Q

what is the structure of cilia and flagella in eukaryotes (not seen in prokaryotes)?

A

9+2 structure

9 pairs of microtubules form outer ring, 2 pairs of microtubules in center of ring

25
Q

what is the function of the centrosome?

A
  1. non-membrane bound organelle

2. made of two centrioles

26
Q

what is the structure and function of centrioles?

A
  1. hollow tube made from 9 triplets of microtubules
  2. organize mitotic spindles; microtubules from centrioles attach to chromosomes through kinetochores, and pull apart sister chromatids
27
Q

What are three functions of intermediate filaments?

A
  1. integrity of cytoskeleton
  2. anchor organelles
  3. cell-cell adhesion
28
Q

what are the four tissue types?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous tissue
29
Q

what is the parenchyma?

A

the functional part of an organ

often the epithelial tissue

30
Q

what is a lumen?

A

hollow inside of an organ/tube

31
Q

what does it mean for epithelial cells to be polarized?

A

one side faces lumen or outside world and other side interacts with blood vessels or structural cells (ex. one side absorbs nutrients, and the other side releases nutrients)

32
Q

Describe the shape of these epithelial cells:
cuboidal
columnar
squamous

A

cuboidal: cube-shaped
columnar: long and thin
squamous: flat and scalelike

33
Q

Describe the number of layers of these epithelial cells:
simple epithelia
stratified epithelia
pseudostratified epithelia

A

simple epithelia: one layer
stratified epithelia: multiple layer
pseudostratified epithelia: seems to be multiple layers due to cell height, but really only one layer

34
Q

what type of tissue provides protection again pathogen invasion and desiccation (removal of moisture)?

A

epithelial tissue

35
Q

what type of tissue supports the body and provides a frameowkr for other cells to carry out their functions?

A

connective tissue

36
Q

what is the stroma?

A

the support structure

37
Q

what are type of tissue is adipose tissue, blood, and bone?

A

connective tissue

38
Q

Cells in connective tissue often produce and secrete collagen and elastin to form this:

A

extracellular matrix

39
Q

what are the three similarities between Eukarya and Archaea? (hint: DNA storage, transcription, translation)

A
  1. DNA around histone
  2. similar RNA polymerases
  3. start translation with Met (bacteria start with fMet)
40
Q

A bacteria that absorbs crystal violet stain is termed what?

A

Gram positive

41
Q

A bacteria that doesn’t absorb crystal violet stain but absorbs safranin is termed what?

A

Gram negative

42
Q

What is a basal body?

A

structure that anchors flagellum to cell and serves as motor

43
Q

what are episomes?

A

plasmids that are able to integrate into bacteria genome

Kaplan MCAT Biology (14 decks)

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