Cardiovascular System: Anatomy (HY)

Question 1

What are the two types of circulation that occur in the cardiovascular system? which sides of the heart participate in each type of circulation?

Answer 1

1. pulmonary circulation: right side of heart receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps it to the lungs through pulmonary artery
2. systemic circulation: left side of heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs through pulmonary veins and pumps it to rest of body through aorta

Question 2

What are atria?

Answer 2

thin-walled structures where blood is collected and then pushed intro ventricles

Question 3

what are ventricles?

Answer 3

fill with blood and then push blood to lungs or systemic circulation

Question 4

what two structures do atrioventricular valves separate?

Answer 4

atria and ventricles

Question 5

what two structures do semilunar valves separates?

Answer 5

ventricles from vasculature

Question 6

what is the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Answer 6

tricuspid valve

Question 7

what is the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

Answer 7

mitral/bicuspid valve

Question 8

what is the valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation?

Answer 8

pulmonary valve

Question 9

what is the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta?

Answer 9

aortic valve

Question 10

what is atriole systole (contraction)?

Answer 10

increase in atrial pressure to force more blood from atrium to ventricle

Question 11

what is atrial kick?

Answer 11

the additional amount of blood put into the ventricle from the atria due to atriole systole(contraction)

Question 12

what is the order of electrical conduction in the heart?

Answer 12

1. sinoatrial node: impulse initiation
2. atrioventricular valve: signal stalls here until ventricles fill
3. bundle of His: located in interventricular septum(wall)
4. Purkinje fibers: distribute signal through ventricular muscle

Question 13

what are intercalated discs?

Answer 13

structures that connect heart muscle cells; contain gap junctions, connecting cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Question 14

what role does neurological input play in heart beats?

Answer 14

there is no neurological input required for electrical impulse initiation (ie. heart beats without need for brain), but neurological input does play a role in changing rate of contraction

Question 15

what are the two phases of a heartbeat?

Answer 15

1. systole

2. diastole

Question 16

what happens during systole?

Answer 16

ventricular contraction, closure of atrioventricular valves, blood pumped out of ventricles

Question 17

what happens during diastole?

Answer 17

heart relaxes, semilunar valves close, blood from atria fill ventricles

Question 18

what two types of vessels do endothelial cells line?

Answer 18

1. blood vessels

2. lymphatic vessels

Question 19

what are the three types of vessels?

Answer 19

1. arteries: carry blood from heart
2. capillaries
3. veins: carry blood to heart

Question 20

starting with the aorta and ending with the superior/inferior venae cavae, what is the order of blood flow through vessels?

Answer 20

1. aorta from left ventricle
2. arteries
3. arterioles
4. capillaries
5. venules
6. veins
7. superior/inferior venae cavae to right atrium

Question 21

what are three things that endothelial cells are involved in?

Answer 21

1. vasodilation and vasoconstriction
2. while blood cells to pass through vessel wall and into tissues
3. formation of blood clots to repair vessel and stop bleeding through release of chemicals

Question 22

what two arteries do not contain oxygented blood?

Answer 22

1. pulmonary arteries

2. umbilical arteries

Question 23

why do capilleries, instead of arteries or arterioles, interface with tissues?

Answer 23

capillaries have thin walls (single endothelial cell layer), and they are small –> this allows for diffusion of gases, nutrients, wastes, and other things like hormones

Question 24

what two veins do not contain deoxygenated blood?

Answer 24

1. pulmonary veins

2. umbilical veins

Question 25

what is cardiac output? How to calculate it?

Answer 25

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle per minute
heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume

Question 26

what is stroke volume?

Answer 26

volume of blood pumped per heart beat

Question 27

_____ are highly muscular and elastic, whereas _____ are thin-walled and inelastic

Answer 27

arteries are highly muscular and elastic, whereas veins are thin-walled and inelastic

Question 28

How do varicose veins form?

Answer 28

large amount of blood in veins travelling against gravity, so there are valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards. if the valves fail, then the blood pools, forming varicose veins.

Question 29

How do veins push blood up?

Answer 29

skeletal muscles around the veins push blood up (tube to toothpaste)

Question 30

what is the follow of circulation in the circulatory system?

Answer 30

right atrium –> through tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> through pulmonary valve –> through pulmonary artery –> lungs –> through pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> through mitral valve –> left ventricle –> through aortic valve –> through aorta –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> inferior/superior venae cavae –> right atrium

Question 31

What are the three portal systems where blood travels through two capillary beds?

Answer 31

1. hepatic portal system: gut + liver
2. hypophyseal portal system: hypothalamus + anterior pituitary
3. renal portal system: glomerulus + nephron

Question 32

Blood pressure is expressed as a ratio of what pressures?

Answer 32

ratio of systolic (ventricular contraction) to diastolic (ventricular relaxation) pressures