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Kaplan MCAT Biology > Reproduction: The Reproductive System (HY) > Flashcards

Reproduction: The Reproductive System (HY) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are mutations in the X chromosome called?

A

X-linked or sex linked

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2
Q

Why do females express X-linked disorders much less frequently than males?

A

Males are hemizygous for many genes on the X chromosome (only have one copy of the gene), but females are homozygous or heterozygous.
Most X-linked disorders are recessive, so one mutation in females wouldn’t express but one mutation in males would express.

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3
Q

What is the sex-determining region Y (SRY) on the Y chromosome?

A

Y chromosome gene that codes for a transcription factor that leads to testis differentiation and male gonad formation.
without this region, all zygotes will be female.

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4
Q

What is the pathway for sperm?

A

SEVE(N) UP

  1. seminiferous tubules (development)
  2. epididymis (motility and storage)
  3. vas deferens
  4. ejaculatory duct
  5. urethra
  6. penis
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5
Q

What cells in the testes release androgens (male sex hormones)?

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig

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6
Q

What cells in the testes nourish sperm cells?

A

Sertoli cells

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7
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

scrotum

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8
Q

What produces seminal fluid?

seminal fluid + sperm = semen

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

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9
Q

What compound do seminal vesicles add to seminal fluid?

A

fructose to nourish sperm

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10
Q

what do seminal vesicles and prostate gland do to pH of seminal vesicles?

A

make it mildly basic so that sperm will survive in mildly acidic female reproductive tract

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11
Q

What does the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland do?

A

produce clear viscous liquid that cleans and lubricates urethra

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12
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

formation of haploid sperm through meiosis

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13
Q

starting from diploid stem cells to mature sperm, what are the stages of sperm?

A

spermatogonia (diploid stem cell) –> primary spermatocytes (after S stage) –> secondary spermatocytes (after meiosis I) –> spermatids (after meiosis II) –> spermatozoa (maturation)

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14
Q

What are the three structural parts of sperm, and what is each’s function?

A

head - genetic material, penetrates ovum with enzymes in acrosome
midpiece - ATP from fructose
flagellum - motility

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15
Q

what is the pathway for female eggs?

A

follicles in ovaries –> peritoneal sac –> fallopian tube (oviduct) –> uterus (fetal development)

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16
Q

where is sperm deposited in the female reproductive tract?

A

vaginal canal, which is connected to the cervix, which is at the bottom of the uterus

17
Q

what is ovulation?

A

when one egg per month leaves the ovaries towards the rest of the reproductive tract
occurs between puberty and menopause

18
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

formation of female gametes

19
Q

what is menarche?

A

first menstrual cycle

20
Q

How are the meiotic processes of oogenesis different from spermatogenesis (hint: 4)? At what two points does oogenesis pause?

A
  1. all oogenia are made during fetal development; no unending supply of stem cells for females
  2. by birth, all oogenia have undergone S stage, so they all become primary oocytes (paused at prophase I)
  3. Every menstrual cycle, meiosis I produces secondary oocytes and polar body through unequal cytokinesis (paused at metaphase II)
  4. upon fertilization, meiosis II completes to produce one large mature ovum, and haploid pronuclei of ovum and sperm join to create diploid zygote
21
Q

what are the two structures of oocytes?

A
  1. zona pellucida: surrounds and protects oocyte, cell binding
  2. corona radiata: outside the zona pellucida; cells that adhered to oocyte during ovulation
22
Q

what is the name for external female anatomy?

A

vulva

23
Q

At the start of puberty, what hormonal pathway occurs and what glands are involved to trigger the production of sex hormones?

A

hypothalamus produces ganodotropin-releasing homrone (GnRH) –> triggers anterior pituitary gland to produce FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)

24
Q

What two cells do FSH and LH, and what is the result?

A

FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to nourish sperm, triggering sperm maturation
LH causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone

25
Q

What hormone is secreted in response to FSH in females? What are the roles of this hormone in embryo and adults?

A

estrogen

  1. in embryo, development of female reproductive tract
  2. in adults, thickening of uterus lining (endometrium)
26
Q

what hormone is secreted in response to LH, and what secretes this hormone? what is the role of progesterone?

A
  1. progesterone is secreted by corpus luteum

2. progesterone is involved in development and maintenance of endometrium

27
Q

what is the menstrual cycle, and what are it’s four stages

A

the growing and shedding of the endometrial lining in response to rising and falling estrogen/progesterone levels

  1. follicular phase
  2. ovulation
  3. luteal phase
  4. menstruation
28
Q

what occurs during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?

A
  1. GnRH secretion leads to FSH and LH secretion –> follicle development
  2. follicles produce estrogen –> vascularization and glandularization of decidua (decidua is a modified versino of endometrium)
29
Q

what occurs during ovulation phase of menstrual cycle?

A
  1. surge of LH, FSH, and GnRH secretion because past a certain threshold of estrogen concentration it stops negative feedback and starts positive feedback
  2. surge of LH induces ovulation, released of ovum from ovary into peritoneal sac in abdominal cavity
30
Q

what occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. LH causes ruptured follicle to become corpus luteum that secretes progesterone to maintain uterine lining
  2. high estrogen and progestrone negative feeback on GnRH, LH, and FSH –> prevent ovulation of multiple eggs
31
Q

what occurs during mentruation phase of mentrual cycle?

A

only occurs if there is no fertilization

  1. low LH level –> progesterone levels decline –> uterine lining sheds
  2. low estrogen and progesterone –> block on GnRH production is removed, stimulating next cycle
32
Q

what occurs if fertilization does occur?

A
  1. blastula produces human chorionic gonadotropic (hCG), an LH analog that maintains corpus luteum
  2. high estrogen and progesterone –> inhibit further GnRH secretion
33
Q

what supplies progesterone and estrogen during later in pregnancy?

A

placenta

34
Q

what occurs during menopause?

A

ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH –> less estrogen and progesterone –> endometrium atrophies –> menstruation stops
lower estrogen and progesterone –> higher blood levels of FSH and LH

Kaplan MCAT Biology (14 decks)

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