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Histology > The Cell Cytoplasm and the Cell nucleus (chapter 2 and 3) > Flashcards

The Cell Cytoplasm and the Cell nucleus (chapter 2 and 3) Flashcards

1
Q

what molecules gives the plasma membrane its fluidity and determines where the proteins are within the membrane ?

A

cholesterol

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2
Q

what technique is used to cleave the plasma membrane

A

freeze fracture

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3
Q

what are the two faces of the plasma membrane when it is cleaved

A

E faces extracellular and P has cytoplasm face

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4
Q

which side of the plasma membrane is more bumpy

A

P face

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5
Q

What are the 6 types of integral membrane proteins

A

pumps (sodium potassium), channels, enzymes (ATPase), receptors, structural linkers

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6
Q

What are the three ways membrane transport can occur ?

A

simple diffusion, carrier proteins or via channel proteins

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7
Q

channel proteins

A

ion selective and based on the cell’s needs, regulated by membrane potentials

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8
Q

What are the three mechanisms of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis

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9
Q

what are the two mechanisms of exocytosis

A

constitutive and regulated

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10
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking, non-specific, uptake of small protens and fluids, a way for the cell to determine what is going on outside the cell

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11
Q

phagocytosis

A

only specialized cells such as macrophages and neutrophils can perform this, they engulf cell debris and bacteria and requires the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, form phagosomes

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12
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

requires clathrin coated pit and is usually transported to an endosome for sorting

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13
Q

what is the pH of early endosomes and what is there function

A

sort and recycle proteins, 6.2-6.5

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14
Q

what is the pH of late endosomes and what is there function

A

pre-lysosomes, pH 5.5 (getting more acidic)

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15
Q

lysosmes

A

degradation, pH 4.7

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16
Q

What are the four pathways for intracellular digestion of lysosmes

A

phagocytosis, autophagy, pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis

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17
Q

constitutive endocytosis

A

contents exit immediately ex: antibodies

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18
Q

regulated endocytosis

A

contents exit when signaled, endocrine and exocrine cells and neurons, hormones and neural stimuli

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19
Q

function if rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

contains ribosomes, continuous with nuclear envelope, involved in protein synthesis, highly developed in secretory cells

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20
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

no ribosomes, tubular in appearance, abundant in cells that function in lipid metabolism, detox, steroid synthesis high in the liver hepatocytes

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21
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

post-translational modification sorting and packaging of priteins

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22
Q

the cis golgi netowkr is on the same side as the rough ER

A

true

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23
Q

trans golgi network is closest to the rough er

A

false its farthest closer to PM

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24
Q

mitochondira

A

function in generation of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, TCA, and beta oxidation of fatty acids, derived from prokaryotic cells, decide cell fate

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25
Q

where are mitochondria not found

A

RBC’s

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26
Q

what contributes to the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments

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27
Q

what is the main function of microtubules

A

transportation

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28
Q

what is the main function of actin

A

motility

29
Q

what is the main function of intermediate filaments

A

mechanical strength

30
Q

microtubules

A

extend from a MTOC, function in vesicular transport, and help in the movement of cilia and flagella

31
Q

What is the structure of microtubules

A

gamma tubulin ring, alpha and beta tubulin molecules + end is growing and the -end is the non growing end need GTP to function

32
Q

molecular motor proteins such as kinesins and dyneins are associated with wich cytoskeletal component

A

microtubules

33
Q

kinesins

A

toward cell periphery

34
Q

dyneins

A

back toward nucleus

35
Q

centrioles

A

central point of MTOC, 9 sets of microtubule triplets, short drum like appearance,

36
Q

centrosome

A

2 centrioles paired 90 degrees from eachother

37
Q

what is the function of centrosomes

A

align mitotic spindle during cell division

38
Q

What are basal bodies

A

function in assembly of cilia and flagella, found at the base of centrosomes, and the microtubules extend from the basal bodies

39
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

immobilization of cillia, infertility, multiple respiratory functions, autosomal recessive disorder

40
Q

situs inversus

A

organs are reversed (heart is on the right)

41
Q

taxol

A

prevents depolymerization

42
Q

vineblastine and vinecristine

A

inhibit formation of mitotic spindle for cell division

43
Q

actin

A

spontaneous assembles, requires energy, has actin binding proteins and is very flexible

44
Q

function of actin filaments

A

anchorage and movement, microvilli, locomotion, and extension of cell processes

45
Q

phalloidin

A

poisonous mushrooms, prevents depolymerization by binding F actin

46
Q

cytochalasin B and D

A

prevents polymerization imhibits lymphocyte migration phagocytosis and cell division

47
Q

intermediate filaments

A

structural role, do not continously reform, function in cell to cell and cell to matrix junctions

48
Q

what are the four classes of intermediate filaments

A

keratins, vimentins, neurofilaments and lamins

49
Q

alcoholic liver cirrhosis

A

accumulation of keratin and mallory bodies

50
Q

alzheimers disease

A

has neurofilaments and neurofibrillary tangles

51
Q

inclusions

A

substances that are found within tissue sections that are nonmoving or living, products of metabolic actiity, pigment granules, lipid droplets, or glycogen

52
Q

what organelle functions in the initiation of apoptosis

A

mitochondira

53
Q

the perinuclear space is continuous with what organelle

A

endoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

nuclear lamina is composed of hwat

A

intermediate filaments

55
Q

telomerase

A

repeatedly adds nucleotide sequences to the telomere ends, functions in malignant cells

56
Q

the __________shorten with each cell division

A

telomeres

57
Q

a __________-is only present when a patient has TWO X chromosomes

A

barr body

58
Q

nucleolus

A

functions in rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembl, regulation of cell cycle and is the target of viruses

59
Q

what are static cells

A

no longer divide (CNS or cadiac muscle)

60
Q

stable cells

A

divide as necessary (smooth muscle or endothelial cells)

61
Q

renewing cells

A

got fast ( blood cells and epithelium) and slow (fibroblasts, epithelial cells of eye lens)

62
Q

What is a mitotic catastrophy

A

malfunction of any of the DNA damage checkpoints or the spindle assembly checkpoint in early mitosis

63
Q

what happens if you fail to arrest the cell cycle before or at mitotis

A

aberrant chromosome segration occurs and you get aneuploidy and or tumor cell development

64
Q

what happens is there is a malforamtion at the G1 restriction check point

A

malignant transformation (maybe)

65
Q

cell cycle regulation is regulated by

A

cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase

66
Q

necrosis

A

accidental death, cell lysis and swelling

67
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, phaagocytosis clears up the debris

68
Q

apoptotic bodies

A

condensation of the nuclear material

Histology (8 decks)

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