The Cell Cytoplasm and the Cell nucleus (chapter 2 and 3)

Question 1

what molecules gives the plasma membrane its fluidity and determines where the proteins are within the membrane ?

Answer 1

cholesterol

Question 2

what technique is used to cleave the plasma membrane

Answer 2

freeze fracture

Question 3

what are the two faces of the plasma membrane when it is cleaved

Answer 3

E faces extracellular and P has cytoplasm face

Question 4

which side of the plasma membrane is more bumpy

Answer 4

P face

Question 5

What are the 6 types of integral membrane proteins

Answer 5

pumps (sodium potassium), channels, enzymes (ATPase), receptors, structural linkers

Question 6

What are the three ways membrane transport can occur ?

Answer 6

simple diffusion, carrier proteins or via channel proteins

Question 7

channel proteins

Answer 7

ion selective and based on the cell’s needs, regulated by membrane potentials

Question 8

What are the three mechanisms of endocytosis

Answer 8

phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 9

what are the two mechanisms of exocytosis

Answer 9

constitutive and regulated

Question 10

pinocytosis

Answer 10

cell drinking, non-specific, uptake of small protens and fluids, a way for the cell to determine what is going on outside the cell

Question 11

phagocytosis

Answer 11

only specialized cells such as macrophages and neutrophils can perform this, they engulf cell debris and bacteria and requires the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, form phagosomes

Question 12

receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 12

requires clathrin coated pit and is usually transported to an endosome for sorting

Question 13

what is the pH of early endosomes and what is there function

Answer 13

sort and recycle proteins, 6.2-6.5

Question 14

what is the pH of late endosomes and what is there function

Answer 14

pre-lysosomes, pH 5.5 (getting more acidic)

Question 15

lysosmes

Answer 15

degradation, pH 4.7

Question 16

What are the four pathways for intracellular digestion of lysosmes

Answer 16

phagocytosis, autophagy, pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 17

constitutive endocytosis

Answer 17

contents exit immediately ex: antibodies

Question 18

regulated endocytosis

Answer 18

contents exit when signaled, endocrine and exocrine cells and neurons, hormones and neural stimuli

Question 19

function if rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

contains ribosomes, continuous with nuclear envelope, involved in protein synthesis, highly developed in secretory cells

Question 20

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 20

no ribosomes, tubular in appearance, abundant in cells that function in lipid metabolism, detox, steroid synthesis high in the liver hepatocytes

Question 21

function of golgi apparatus

Answer 21

post-translational modification sorting and packaging of priteins

Question 22

the cis golgi netowkr is on the same side as the rough ER

Answer 22

true

Question 23

trans golgi network is closest to the rough er

Answer 23

false its farthest closer to PM

Question 24

mitochondira

Answer 24

function in generation of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, TCA, and beta oxidation of fatty acids, derived from prokaryotic cells, decide cell fate

Question 25

where are mitochondria not found

Answer 25

RBC's

Question 26

what contributes to the cytoskeleton

Answer 26

microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments

Question 27

what is the main function of microtubules

Answer 27

transportation

Question 28

what is the main function of actin

Answer 28

motility

Question 29

what is the main function of intermediate filaments

Answer 29

mechanical strength

Question 30

microtubules

Answer 30

extend from a MTOC, function in vesicular transport, and help in the movement of cilia and flagella

Question 31

What is the structure of microtubules

Answer 31

gamma tubulin ring, alpha and beta tubulin molecules + end is growing and the -end is the non growing end need GTP to function

Question 32

molecular motor proteins such as kinesins and dyneins are associated with wich cytoskeletal component

Answer 32

microtubules

Question 33

kinesins

Answer 33

toward cell periphery

Question 34

dyneins

Answer 34

back toward nucleus

Question 35

centrioles

Answer 35

central point of MTOC, 9 sets of microtubule triplets, short drum like appearance,

Question 36

centrosome

Answer 36

2 centrioles paired 90 degrees from eachother

Question 37

what is the function of centrosomes

Answer 37

align mitotic spindle during cell division

Question 38

What are basal bodies

Answer 38

function in assembly of cilia and flagella, found at the base of centrosomes, and the microtubules extend from the basal bodies

Question 39

Kartagener's syndrome

Answer 39

immobilization of cillia, infertility, multiple respiratory functions, autosomal recessive disorder

Question 40

situs inversus

Answer 40

organs are reversed (heart is on the right)

Question 41

taxol

Answer 41

prevents depolymerization

Question 42

vineblastine and vinecristine

Answer 42

inhibit formation of mitotic spindle for cell division

Question 43

actin

Answer 43

spontaneous assembles, requires energy, has actin binding proteins and is very flexible

Question 44

function of actin filaments

Answer 44

anchorage and movement, microvilli, locomotion, and extension of cell processes

Question 45

phalloidin

Answer 45

poisonous mushrooms, prevents depolymerization by binding F actin

Question 46

cytochalasin B and D

Answer 46

prevents polymerization imhibits lymphocyte migration phagocytosis and cell division

Question 47

intermediate filaments

Answer 47

structural role, do not continously reform, function in cell to cell and cell to matrix junctions

Question 48

what are the four classes of intermediate filaments

Answer 48

keratins, vimentins, neurofilaments and lamins

Question 49

alcoholic liver cirrhosis

Answer 49

accumulation of keratin and mallory bodies

Question 50

alzheimers disease

Answer 50

has neurofilaments and neurofibrillary tangles

Question 51

inclusions

Answer 51

substances that are found within tissue sections that are nonmoving or living, products of metabolic actiity, pigment granules, lipid droplets, or glycogen

Question 52

what organelle functions in the initiation of apoptosis

Answer 52

mitochondira

Question 53

the perinuclear space is continuous with what organelle

Answer 53

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 54

nuclear lamina is composed of hwat

Answer 54

intermediate filaments

Question 55

telomerase

Answer 55

repeatedly adds nucleotide sequences to the telomere ends, functions in malignant cells

Question 56

the __________shorten with each cell division

Answer 56

telomeres

Question 57

a __________-is only present when a patient has TWO X chromosomes

Answer 57

barr body

Question 58

nucleolus

Answer 58

functions in rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembl, regulation of cell cycle and is the target of viruses

Question 59

what are static cells

Answer 59

no longer divide (CNS or cadiac muscle)

Question 60

stable cells

Answer 60

divide as necessary (smooth muscle or endothelial cells)

Question 61

renewing cells

Answer 61

got fast ( blood cells and epithelium) and slow (fibroblasts, epithelial cells of eye lens)

Question 62

What is a mitotic catastrophy

Answer 62

malfunction of any of the DNA damage checkpoints or the spindle assembly checkpoint in early mitosis

Question 63

what happens if you fail to arrest the cell cycle before or at mitotis

Answer 63

aberrant chromosome segration occurs and you get aneuploidy and or tumor cell development

Question 64

what happens is there is a malforamtion at the G1 restriction check point

Answer 64

malignant transformation (maybe)

Question 65

cell cycle regulation is regulated by

Answer 65

cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase

Question 66

necrosis

Answer 66

accidental death, cell lysis and swelling

Question 67

apoptosis

Answer 67

programmed cell death, phaagocytosis clears up the debris

Question 68

apoptotic bodies

Answer 68

condensation of the nuclear material