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Cell and Molecular biology > The Cell Cycle Regulation > Flashcards

The Cell Cycle Regulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Two basic parts comprise the cell cycle.

A

Mitosis and Interphase

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2
Q

is the most dramatic stage of
the cell cycle.

A

Mitosis or Nuclear Division

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3
Q

It is the time when the separation of daughter
chromosomes occurs and usually ends with cell division
or cytokinesis.

A

Mitosis or Nuclear Division

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4
Q

A typical eukaryotic cell represented by a
human cell in culture divides approximately
Blank.

A

every 24 hours.

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5
Q

Mitosis and cytokinesis last for approximately an
hour, so about 95% of the cell cycle is spent in
Blank, the period between Blank.

A

interphase and mitoses.

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6
Q

the chromosomes are
decondensed and distributed throughout the
nucleus, so the nucleus appears morphologically
uniform.

A

interphase

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7
Q

at the Blank level, interphase is the
time during which both DNA replication and cell
growth occur as the cell prepares to divide

A

molecular

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8
Q

The cell maintains its growth rate throughout the
?

A

interphase

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9
Q

is synthesized during only a portion of
the interphase.

A

DNA

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10
Q

DNA synthesis divides the cycle of eukaryotic cells into
four discrete phases.

A
  • M phase, G1 phase (gap 1), S phase, and G2 phase (gap 2).
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11
Q

The Blank of the cell cycle is the period
when mitosis occurs.
* This is usually followed by cytokinesis.

A

M phase

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12
Q

The mitotic phase is further divided into 4
major phases that include

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

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13
Q

is the one that follows the M
phase, which corresponds to the interval
(gap) between mitosis and initiation of
DNA replication.

A

G1phase

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14
Q

is the synthesis phase following
G1. During this phase, DNA replication
takes place.

A

S phase

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15
Q

follows the completion of DNA
synthesis. During this phase, the proteins
are synthesized in preparation for
mitosis.

A

G2 phase

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16
Q

from the environment regulate the progression
of cells through the division cycle.

A

Extracellular signals

17
Q

monitor and coordinate the various processes that take place during different cell cycle phases.

A

Internal signals

18
Q

An example of cell cycle regulation by
extracellular signals is provided by the
effect of Blank on animal cell
proliferation

A

growth factors

19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Also, various cellular processes that occur in cells, such
as growth, DNA replication, and mitosis, must not be
coordinated during the progression of the cell cycle.

A

False (must be coordinated)

20
Q

What are these regulatory transitions?

A
  1. Start (or the restriction point) in late G1
  2. G2/M transition.
  3. Metaphase-to-anaphase transition
21
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the Blank generally governs cell-cycle
progression at three major regulatory
transitions

A

cell-cycle control system

22
Q
  • Cell commits to cell-cycle entry
    and chromosome duplication.
  • is controlled by external signals
    such as the availability of
    nutrients, as well as by cell size.
A

Start (or the restriction point) in
late G1.

23
Q
  • Control system checks if all DNA has
    been replicated already and if the
    environment is favorable for nuclear
    division and triggers the early mitotic
    events that lead to chromosome
    alignment on the mitotic spindle in
    metaphase.
  • Checks if all DNA has been replicated
    already and if the environment is
    favorable to proceed to the next phase
    of the cycle.
A

G2/M transition.

23
Q
  • Control system checks if all
    chromosomes are already
    attached to the spindle and
    stimulate sister-chromatid
    separation, leading to the
    completion of mitosis and
    cytokinesis
A

Metaphase-to-anaphase
transition

24
Q

If problems are detected inside or outside of the
cell, Blank blocks progression
through each of the transitions.

A

the control system

25
Q

Two important checkpoints in eukaryotic cells ensure that complete genomes are transmitted to daughter cells:

A
  1. DNA damage checkpoints
  2. spindle assembly checkpoint
26
Q
  • Ensure that damaged DNA is not
    replicated and passed on to
    daughter cells.
  • Sense damaged or incompletely
    replicated DNA and coordinate
    further cell cycle progression with
    the completion of DNA replication
    or repair.
  • function in G1, S, and G2 and lead
    to cell cycle arrest in response to
    damaged or unreplicated DNA.
A

DNA damage checkpoints

27
Q

Such arrested cells then enter a
Blank of the cell cycle called
G0, in which they can remain for long
periods of time without proliferating.
* cells are metabolically active,
although they cease growth and have
reduced rates of protein synthesis

A

G0 or quiescent stage

28
Q
A
29
Q
  • maintains the integrity of the
    genome occurring towards the
    end of mitosis.
  • sees to it that the alignment of
    chromosomes on the mitotic
    spindle is successful.
  • ensure that a complete set of
    chromosomes is distributed
    accurately to the daughter cells.
A

Spindle assembly checkpoint

30
Q

The two key components of the cell
cycle control system are the?

A

cyclin and the cyclin-dependent kinases
(Cdks).

30
Q

In the presence of unattached or
misattached kinetochores (red circle),
the spindle assembly checkpoint is
turned on (SAC ON) and the kinetochore
proteins Blank, Blank, Blank, Blank assemble at the cytosol to form the Blank.

Once the MCC is generated, the CDC20
becomes unable to bind to the Blank, leading to mitotic arrest at the metaphase to anaphase transition.

A

BUB3, BUBR1, MAD2 and
CDC20

mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC)

anaphase-promoting
complex/cyclosome (APC/C)

31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Without cyclin, Cdk is active

A

False (inactive)

32
Q

Cyclins are of four classes

A

G1/S cyclins
S-cyclins
M-cyclins
G1-cyclins

33
Q

activate Cdks in late G1 and thereby
trigger progression through Start, resulting in the
commitment to cell-cycle entry.
* Their levels fall in the S phase.

A

G1/S-cyclins

34
Q

are those that bind Cdks soon after
progression through Start and help stimulate
chromosome duplication.

A

S-cyclins

35
Q

are those that activate Cdks that
stimulate entry into mitosis at the G2/M transition.
* Their levels fall in mid-mitosis.

A

M-cyclins

36
Q

the fourth class of cyclins called the
Blank helps govern the activities of the G1/S
cyclins, which control progression through Start in
late G1.

A

G1-cyclins

Cell and Molecular biology (6 decks)

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