PRINCIPLES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTIONA Flashcards

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1
Q

These molecules and proteins are key components for successful cell communication.

A
  1. signaling molecules or the ligands
  2. receptors
  3. second messenger
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2
Q

Most cells in multicellular organisms, both emit and receive signals.

A

Receptors

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3
Q

Cell communication or signal transduction is mediated mainly by extracellular signal molecules (ligands)

A

Signaling molecules or ligands

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
The reception of the signal depends on receptor proteins, always at the cell surface, which binds the signal molecule.

A

False (usually, but not always)

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5
Q

These targets are generally effector proteins, which are altered when the signaling pathway is activated and implements the signaling pathway is activated and implements the appropriate change of cell behavior.

A

Receptors

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6
Q

What are the 5 modes of cell signaling?

A
  1. Intacrine signaling
  2. Autocrine signaling
  3. Juxtacrine signaling
  4. Paracrine signaling
  5. Endocrine signaling
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7
Q

Needs a cell to cell interactions
- signals are produced for adjacent cells

A

Paracrine signaling

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8
Q

Takes place when the signal is directed to the same cell.
-This signal binds with a cell surface receptor, not a nuclear receptor.

A

Autocrine Signaling

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9
Q

Happens when a signaling molecule or a ligand is acting inside a cell.

A

Intacrine signaling

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10
Q

Is also known as contact-dependent signaling.
- The proximity between cells is mandatory for signaling to take place.

A

Juxtacrine signaling

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11
Q

Uses hormones as signaling molecules.
- This is for signals that need to travel over long distance.

A

Endocrine signaling

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12
Q

What are the types of cell-to-cell interactions?

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. anchoring junctions
  3. communicating junctions
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13
Q

In this type of interaction, direct physical contact is established that allows small molecules to pass.

A

Communication junctions

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14
Q

Are also called occluding junctions.
- They connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells and prevent leakage of small molecules from between them.

A

Tight junctions

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15
Q

Are mechanically attached to the cytoskeleton of cell.
-They are usually found in the cells that make up the muscles and skins epithelium and can withstand some mechanical stress.

A

Anchoring junctions

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16
Q

Is one type of anchoring junction that connects the action filaments of one cell of those of neighboring cells or with the extracellular matrix.
- It is mediated by a protein called integrin.

A

Adheren

17
Q

Are those that anchor epithelial cells to the basement membrane.

A

hemidesmosomes

18
Q

Are anchoring junctions that connect cytoskeleton of adjacent cells.

A

Desmosomes

19
Q

link in the junction hemidesmosomes are proteins called

A

cadherins

20
Q

Communicating junctions are also called?

A

Gap junctions

21
Q

These are complexes of six identical transmembrane proteins that allow passage of larger molecules like sugar and amino acids.

A

connexons

22
Q

What are the signaling molecules?

A
  1. Gas
  2. Steroids
  3. peptide
  4. neurotransmitters
  5. neuropeptides
  6. Polypeptide growth factors
  7. second messengers
23
Q

A major paracrine signaling molecules. It involves in the functions of the nervous, immune, and circulatory systems

A

Nitric oxide (gas)

24
Q

-They act as hormones
-Small hydrophobic molecules making them easily cross the membranes.

A

Steroids

25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
In Nitric oxide it diffuses across the plasma membrane and has a very short half-life, therefore it functions over long distances.

A

FALSE (short)

26
Q

Small proteins produced by neurons that act on G-protein-coupled receptors and are responsible for slow-onset, long lasting modulation of synaptic transmission.
- Function as neurotransmitter, as well as neurohormones.

A

neuropeptides

27
Q

Substances apart from the signaling molecules.
- They are used to relay the messages and usually used to amplify the signal

A

Second messengers

28
Q

Class of proteins which are bond by receptor protein and enable or disable biological pathway.

A

Peptide hormones

29
Q

Those that control the growth and differentiation cells.

A

Polypeptide growth factor

30
Q

Some of the receptors are always bond to the DNA even when the hormone is not present.

A

Thyroid hormone receptor

31
Q

Are those that interact with the signaling molecules and are found in the target molecules.
- They are unique structures on the plasma membrane

A

Cell surface receptors

32
Q

Carry signals between neurons (between synapses)
-They are hydrophobic molecules; hence, they are unable to cross the plasma membrane and bind to receptors.

A

Neurotransmitters

33
Q

-found in the cytosol, plasma membrane, and nucleus.
- Lead to the change in gene expression, causing an alteration in the transcriptional activity of the cell.

A

Steroid Receptors

34
Q

The largest group of enzyme-linked receptors.
-They have receptors for most polypeptide growth factors.

A

Tyrosine Kinase Receptor

35
Q

Are also known as TTM or seven transmembrane domain receptors.
- Pass through the plasma membrane seven times, forming many extracellular loops.

A

G-protein-coupled receptors

36
Q

Some can bind only when the hormone is there.

A

Estrogen and glucucorticoid receptors

37
Q

Include the receptor for most cytokines like interleukin 2 and erythropoietin and some polypeptide hormones.

A

Cytokine receptors