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Cell and Molecular biology > Biochemistry of the cell > Flashcards

Biochemistry of the cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Is called the “Universal solvent”

A

Water

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2
Q

What are the unique properties of water?

A

Water is polar.
water is both cohesive and adhesive.
Water has high specific of heat.
Water has a high heat of vaporization.
Water has a high thermal conductivity

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3
Q

In each water molecule the two hydrogen atoms are linked the oxygen atom by?

A

Hydrogen bond

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4
Q

The two bond are highly polar because the oxygen is blank, while the hydrogen is blank

A

Strongly attractive for electrons, weakly attractive

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5
Q

When a positively charged region of one water molecule approaches a negatively charged region of a second water molecule , the electrical attraction between them can result in blank.

A

Hydrogen bond

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6
Q

Is described as the attraction between particles of the same substances.

A

Cohesion

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7
Q

is the attraction between two different substances.

A

Adhesion

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8
Q

A phenomenon where molecules will tow each other along when in a thin glass tube

A

Capillary action

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9
Q

Is the amount of heat needed to raise or lower 1g of a substance by 1C.

A

Specific heat

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10
Q

Is the energy needed to convert 1g of a substance from liquid to gas.

A

Heat of vaporization

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11
Q

What are the four major molecules that make up the cells?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acid

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12
Q

Are made up of monomer called simple sugar, which are held by a covalent bond glycosidic bond to form polymer. Serve as source of energy to fuel cellular processes.

A

Carbohydrates

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13
Q

Is composed of only one sugar. Example of this.

A

Monosaccharides. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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14
Q

Made up of two simple sugars. Example of this.

A

Disaccharides. Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

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15
Q

Made up of multiple monosaccharides. Example of this.

A

Polysaccharides. Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose, Chitin

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16
Q

Are mostly composed of fatty acids and glycerols, which are held by ester linkages

A

Lipids

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17
Q

Like oils and fats are composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol

A

Triglycerides

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18
Q

Those found in plant cuticles are composed of variable number of fatty acids bonded to long chain alcohol ].

A

Waxes

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19
Q

Are composed of polar phosphate and two fatty acids bonded via glycerol

A

Phospholipids

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20
Q

Are composed of four fused rings of carbon atom with functional group attached.

A

Steroids

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21
Q

Are made up of nucleotides that are held by phosphodiester. They are important for the storage, transmission, and usage of genetic information.

A

Nucleic Acids

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22
Q

Are made up of amino acids, which are covalently linked by peptide bond.

A

Proteins

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23
Q

The side chains of the 20 amino acids can be categorized in four groups.

A

Neutral-non polar, neutral-polar, acidic, basic

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24
Q

4 structures of protein.

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures

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25
Q

Is the simplest level of a protein structure. It is simply the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

A

Primary

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26
Q

Refers to the local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the proteins.

A

Secondary structures

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27
Q

Is the overall three-dimensional structure of the polypeptide.

A

Tertiary structure

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28
Q

Is formed when multiple polypeptide subunits are assembled.

A

Quaternary structures

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29
Q

are protein that are considered as biological catalyst.

A

Enzymes

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30
Q

Are substrate that sped up the rate of a chemical reaction.

A

Catalyst

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31
Q

Help biological processes become faster by lowering the activation energy that must be supplied to break the bond in the reactant.

A

Enzymes

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32
Q

The reactant to whom the enzyme acts

A

Substrate

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33
Q

the catalytic reaction then occurs in a specific part of the enzyme called the

A

Active site

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34
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Friedrich Miescher

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35
Q

was discovered as an annoying contaminant int he purification of proteins.

A

DNA

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36
Q

Discovered that DNA contains four bases

A

Albrecht Kossel

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37
Q

Are heterolytic rings with carbon and nitrogen atoms

A

Bases

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38
Q

Discovered in 1920s that there are 2 kinds of nucleic acids, which he called yeast acid

A

Phoebus Levene

39
Q

A virus that carries only one DNA and four RNA

A

Cytomegalovirus

40
Q

Discovered that DNA does not contain equal amounts of the four bases but the quantities differ depending on the surface of the DNA

A

Erwin Chargaff

41
Q

The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine. This relationship is known as?

A

Chargaff’s rule

42
Q

Condensed form of chromatin

A

Chromosomes

43
Q

have no nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

44
Q

Prokaryotes also frequently carry one or more smaller independent circular DNAs called?

A

Episomes and Plasmids

45
Q

Do not integrate into the main chromosomes

A

Plasmids

46
Q

Have real equivalent of the eukaryotic histones

A

euryarchaeota

46
Q

Can reside in the cell as independent molecules or can integrate into the main chromosomes

A

Episomes

47
Q

Are characterized by a nuclear membrane that surrounds their genetic patrimonium

A

Eukaryotes

48
Q

Have no equivalent of the eukaryotic histones

A

Crenarchaeota

49
Q

DNA replication and transcription take place in?

A

Nucleus

50
Q

Protein synthesis occurs in?

A

Cytoplasm

51
Q

Plays a vital role in in the transport of RNA and Proteins.

A

Nuclear membrane

52
Q

Means colored body

A

Chromosomes

53
Q

Were first discovered in the light microscope by using staining techniques

A

Chromosomes

54
Q

The succession of nucleosomes forms a fibrous structure called?

A

Chromatin

55
Q

The majority of the eukaryotic cells are?

A

Diploid

56
Q

The two copies are called? one is derived from each parent

A

Homologous

57
Q

Contains a single copy of each chromosomes

A

Haploid

58
Q

Have more than two copies of each chromosome

A

Polyploid

59
Q

This lacks of correlation between genome size and genetic complexity

A

C-value paradox

60
Q

Number of genes/Mbp of DNA

A

Genome density

61
Q

Intergenic regions consist of repetitive DNA

A

Microsatellites, Genome wild repeats, Pseudo genes

62
Q

Confers a positive value or selective advantage to the host organic

A

Intergenic DNA

63
Q

The separations require the action of a blank

A

Topoisomerase

64
Q

The extremities of the linear eukaryotic chromosomes contain special sequences called? it plays an extremely important role in the replication of the linear eukaryotic DNA molecules

A

Telomeres

65
Q

Plays an important role in the distribution of the sister chromatids to the daughter cells upon DNA replication and cell division.

A

Centromere

66
Q

Is linked by two ester bonds with two sugar molecules

A

Single phosphoryl group

67
Q

Impose the polarity of the DNA chain.

A

Phosphodiester linkage

68
Q

The bases are attached to the sugar moieties by a blank formed between the C’1 atom of the sugar and the N1 atom of a pyrimidine residue or the N9 atom of a purine residue.

A

Glycosidic bond

69
Q

How many hydrogen bonds for an A-T pair, G-C pair?

A

2, 3

70
Q

Describe the purine and pyrimidine

A

Purine is a larger molecule, double ring structure while pyrimidine is smaller, one ring structure

71
Q

What are the different forms of DNA?

A

B-form
A-form
Z-form

72
Q

Where mostly the DNA exist in vivo?

A

B-form

73
Q

Is a regular, right handle helix in which the turns run clockwise when locked at along the helical axis. The bases are lying approximately flat and perpendicular with respect to the helical axis.

A

B-form

74
Q

Is a less hydrated form of DNA, it’s also shorter and larger than B-form DNA. Has more bps per turn. Bases are not lying flat as in B-form DNA, but they are slightly tilted with respect to the helical axis.

A

A-form

75
Q

The only left-handed form of DNA. It has the least twisted structure and is underwound. Has only one groove, with a higher density of negative changes than the groove of B-form DNA.

A

Z-form

76
Q

Is an important intermediated, generated by the action of the RecA protein in process of homologous DNA recombination.

A

Triple-Stranded DNA

77
Q

Uses the complementary pairing of inverted repeat sequences in a single strand. It is also a structure that is widely found in nature and serves as a specific signal molecule in crucial cellular processes.

A

Cruciform structure

78
Q

In nature, all DNA molecules are topologically blank

A

constrained

79
Q

The crossing over of the helix over itself

A

Writhe

80
Q

Plays an important role in vital processes such as DNA replication and transcription that generate tension in the DNA

A

Topoisomerase

81
Q

Two major types of Topoisomerases

A

Type I and Type II

82
Q

Is the simply the number of helical turns of one strand around the other.

A

Twist

83
Q

Make transient single-stranded breaks and change the linking number in steps of one. Do not consume ATP and are monomeric enzymes.

A

Type I Topoisomerase

84
Q

Make a covalent bond between the 5’ - phosphate end of the nick and the tyrosine residue and generate a free 3’ - OH end.

A

Type IA

85
Q

A type of writhe which the long axis is twisted around itself.

A

Interwound or plectonomic

86
Q

Is the total number of interwound or spiral writhes in cccDNA.

A

Writhing number (Wr)

87
Q

Twist and writhe are convertible.

A

False (Interconvertible)

88
Q

A type of writhe in which the long axis is wound in a cylindrical manner, as often occurs when DNA wraps around protein.

A

Spiral or toroid

89
Q

It is the sum of two geometric components: the twist (Tw) and the writhe (Wr)

A

Lk

90
Q

Make transient double stranded gaps and change the linking number in steps of two. Can generally act on both negatively and positively supercoiled DNA.

A

Type 11 Topoisomerase

91
Q

Require the energy of ATP hydrolysis for their action

A

Type II Topoisomerase

92
Q

Covalently link the tyrosine residue to the 3’ -P and generates free 5’ -OH bond

A

Type IB

Cell and Molecular biology (10 decks)

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