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Biology 240 > The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Most cell division results in what?

A

Genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What is the one characteristic that distinguishes living things from nonliving matter?

A

The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind

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3
Q

The continuity of life is based on ____ _____

A

Cell division

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4
Q

All the DNA in a cell constitutes the cell’s ___, with the DNA molecules packaged into ____

A

Genome ; chromosomes

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5
Q

How many genes does the DNA molecule of a chromosome carry?

A

Several hundred to a few thousand

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6
Q

How does one parent give rise to two genetically identical daughter cells?

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
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7
Q

What is interphase?

A

When the cell grows in preparation for cell division; chromosomes are duplicated and copied precisely

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8
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The chromosome copies are separated from each other and moved to the opposite ends of the cell

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9
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

The cell divides into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell

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10
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of ___

A

Chromatin

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11
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

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12
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Non-reproductive cells; two sets of chromosomes

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13
Q

What are gametes?

A

Reproductive cells (sperm and eggs); half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

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14
Q

How are each two sister chromatids attached along their lengths?

A

By cohesions

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15
Q

What is the centromere?

A

The narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached

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16
Q

During cell division, the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome ___ and move into __ ___

A

separate ; two nuclei

17
Q

What are the separate chromatids called?

A

Chromosomes

18
Q

Eukaryotic cell division consists of ___ and ____

A
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
19
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division of the genetic material in the nucleus

20
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of the cytoplasm

21
Q

What are the phases of the Cell Cycle?

A
  • Gap 1 (G1)
  • Synthesis (S)
  • Gap 2 (G2)
  • Mitosis (M)
22
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

The cell grows and prepares for DNA replication

23
Q

What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

Replication occurs, genetic material is duplicated resulting in two identical sister chromatids

24
Q

What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

The cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division

25
Q

What happens during the M phase of the cell cycle?

A

The nucleus of the cell divides into two daughter nuclei

26
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in the cell cycle?

A

Division of cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells

27
Q

What are the events of the cell cycle directed by?

A

The cell cycle control system

28
Q

What are the specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is recieved?

A

G1 ; G2 ; M

29
Q

What are the two types of regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control?

A

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

30
Q

The activity of Cdk ___ and ___ with changes in concentration of its ___ partner

A

rises and falls ; cyclin

31
Q

Where do Cdks need to be attached to be active?

A

To a cyclin

32
Q

What is MPF (maturation-promoting factor)?

A

A cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phease

33
Q

What does MPF act as?

A

Both a kinase and indirectly through activating other kinases

34
Q

What happens if the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal?

A

It will exist the cycle and switch into the non-dividing state called the G0 phase

35
Q

What happens if a cell does receive the go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint?

A

It will usually complete the S, G2, and M phases and divide

36
Q

What happens to cancer cells during the cell cycle?

A

The cancer cells do not heed the normal signals that regulate it, and often do not stop dividing when growth factors are depleted

Biology 240 (20 decks)

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