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Biology 240 > A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What occurs in a light microscope (LM)

A

Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses

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2
Q

As a cell increases in size, what happens to its volume?

A

It grows proportionately more than its surface area

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3
Q

What are three important parameters of microscopy?

A

Magnification, Resolutions, and Contrast

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4
Q

What is scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)?

A

Focus a. beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, proving images that look 3-D

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5
Q

What are transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)?

A

Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

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6
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Taking the cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

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7
Q

What is differential centrifugation?

A

Fractionate cells into their component parts

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8
Q

What consists of prokaryotic cells?

A

bacteria and archaea

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9
Q

How are prokaryotic cells characterized?

A

No nucleus, DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

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10
Q

What are basic features of all cells?

A

Plasma membrane, semifluid substance called cytosol, chromosomes (carry genes), ribosomes (make proteins)

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11
Q

The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells:

A

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic

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12
Q

What consists of eukaryotic cells?

A

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants

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13
Q

How are eukaryotic cells characterized?

A

By having DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a double membrane, membrane-bound organelles, and cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

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14
Q

The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the ____ and carried out by the ____

A

nucleus ; ribosomes

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15
Q

The nucleus contains most of what in a eukaryotic cell?

A

DNA

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16
Q

How is protein created?

A

Ribosomes use the information from the DNA in a eukaryotic cell to make proteins

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17
Q

What is the purpose of a nuclear envelope?

A

It encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer

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19
Q

How is DNA organized in the nucleus?

A

Into discrete units called chromosomes

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20
Q

Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule associated with proteins called?

A

Chromatin

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21
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, located within the nucleus

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22
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein

23
Q

Where do ribosomes build proteins?

A

In the cytosol (free ribosomes) and on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

24
Q

What the two distinct regions of ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum):

A

Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes, and Rough ER, whose surface is studded with ribosomes

25
Q

Functions of Smooth ER include:

A

Synthesis lipids, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions

26
Q

Functions of Rough ER include:

A

Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, is a membrane factory for the cell

27
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

28
Q

When do lysosomal enzymes work best?

A

In the acidic environment inside the lysosome

29
Q

What are hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes made by?

A

Rough ER and are then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing

30
Q

How can some types of cell engulf another cell?

A

By a process called phagocytosis, forming a food vacuole

31
Q

What exactly is a phagocytosis?

A

When a lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the contents

32
Q

What is autophagy?

A

When lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules

33
Q

What is the correct order of the exocytosis or secretion pathway?

A

Rough ER, Golgi, transport vesicle, plasma membrane

34
Q

What is mitochondria the site of?

A

Cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

35
Q

what is chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, the site of?

A

Photosynthesis

36
Q

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common with bacteria?

A

Enveloped by double membrane, contains free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules, and grows and reproduces somewhat independently in cells

37
Q

What is cristae?

A

Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

38
Q

The inner membrane creates what two compartments?

A

Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

A

To help support the cell and maintain its shape

40
Q

Three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton include:

A

Microtubules, the thickest of the three components

Microfilaments (actin filaments), the thinnest

Intermediate filaments, middle range

41
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Hollow rods about 25 nm in diameters and about 200 nm to 25 microns long
  • Constructed of dimers of tubulin
42
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

Shaping the cell, guiding movement of organelles, separating chromosomes during cell

43
Q

Microfilaments

A

-Solid rods about 7nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits
-A network of microfilaments helps support the cell’s shape
-Forms a cortex just inside plasma membrane to help support the cell’s shape

44
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

-Range in diameter from 8 to 12 nanometers, longer than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
-More permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than other two
-Support cell shape and fix organelles in place

45
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

An extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animals cells

46
Q

What has cell walls?

A

Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists

47
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water

48
Q

Do animal cells lack walls?

A

Yes, but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM)

49
Q

What is the extracellular matric (ECM) made up of?

A

glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

50
Q

Where can you find ECM proteins?

A

Binded to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins

51
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Channels that connect plant cells

52
Q

What is the purpose of plasmodesmata?

A

To make water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) able to pass from cell to cell

53
Q

What happens at tight junctions?

A

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid

Biology 240 (20 decks)

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