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Cancer and Signalling > the Cell Cycle > Flashcards

the Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what is the G0 phase (quiescence)

A

the phase when cells are not actively dividing. this is not always permanent, the cells can re enter from Go.

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2
Q

roughly how long does it take a cell to complete the cell cycle?

A

one day generally

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3
Q

generally how long is G1?

A

11 hours

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4
Q

generally how long is S?

A

8 hours

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5
Q

generally how long is G2?

A

4 hours

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6
Q

generally how long is M?

A

1 hour

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7
Q

what does interphase consist of?

A

G1, S, G2

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8
Q

what does the M phase consist of?

A

Mitosis, Cytokinesis

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9
Q

what is interphase?

A

the parts of the cell cycle involved in growth and preparation for cell division

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10
Q

what happens during S phase?

A

synthesis of DNA creating chromosomes now consist of two sister chromatids

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11
Q

What happens during G1?

A

growing in size
monitoring environment for appropriate conditions for cell division
RNA & protein synthesis in prep for S phase
Growth factor dependent

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12
Q

what happens during G2?

A

further growth
cell organelle replication
preparation for mitosis

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13
Q

what happens during mitosis?

A

the cells separate the chromosomes

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14
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

the cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells, completing the cell cycle

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15
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condensation
nucleolus disappears
centrioles move to poles

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16
Q

pro - metaphase

A

nuclear membrane dissolves
chromosomes attach to microtubules and begin moving

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17
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibres align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus (metaphase plate)

18
Q

anaphase

A

paired chromosomes separate and move to oposite sides of the cell

19
Q

telophase

A

chromatids arrive at the opposite poles of the cell
new membranes form around daughter nuclei
chromosomes decondense
spindle fibres disperse

20
Q

what are CDK’s (cyclin dependent kinases)

A

they regulate the progression through the cell cycle

21
Q

how are CDK’s regulated

A

cyclins, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and CKI’s

22
Q

what are cyclins?

A

small short lit proteins which must be associated with the cdk for it to be active

23
Q

what activates CDK 4/6 (G1) ?

A

cyclin D

24
Q

what activates CDK2?

A

cyclin E (G1 to S) or cyclin A (S to Metaphase)

25
Q

what activates CDK1 (G2 to Anaphase) ?

A

cyclin B

26
Q

What are CKI’s?

A

cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. they are small proteins that block cyclin activity either by forming an inactive complex or by acting as a CDK ligand.

27
Q

what are the three families of CKID’s?

A

p21 CIP
p27 KIP
p16 INK

28
Q

what is MPF (maturation promoting factor)?

A

cdk1/ cyclin B

29
Q

what do kinases do?

A

they phosphorylate things

30
Q

what does MPF phosphorylate that results in entry to M phase?

A

-phosphorylate lamins results in nuclear envelope being destroyed
-phosphorylates condensins histones which results in chromosome condensation
- phosphorylates microtubule associated proteins (MAP’s) which results in spindle formation

31
Q

which cyclin is required for passage through the restriction point (G1) ?

A

cyclin D

32
Q

where is the restriction point?

A

G1

33
Q

where is the DNA damage checkpoints?

A

late G1 and G2

34
Q

what happens at the restriction point checkpoint?

A

checks for cell size and favourable environmental conditions

35
Q

what happens at the DNA damage checkpoints?

A
  • check for DNA damage
  • check for damaged or unduplicated DNA
36
Q

what happens at the M checkpoint?

A

checks for chromosome attachment to mitotic spindle

37
Q

what is RB?

A

a protein which acts as the gatekeeper at the restriction point . it inhibits E2F (a transcription factor) when there is no growth factor present. once there is enough CDK4/6 cyclin D made it phosphorylates Rb which unbinds from transcription factor which then allows for transcription of genes for progression to s phase

38
Q

what does p53 do?

A

it is a transcription factor that detects damage to DNA which results in the production of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 so that DNA repair can take place. can also promote apoptosis.

39
Q

what are tumour suppressor genes?

A

encode normal cell proteins that inhibit cell proliferation and growth of cell to maintain the integrity of the genome. they cause cell cycle arrest in abnormally dividing cells and repair DNA damage. Eg the bakes of the cell cycle

40
Q

what happens at the spindle assembly checkpoint?

A

if the chromosomes are unnattatched the checkpoint is on and anaphase is inhibited. once all chromosomes are attached the inhibition of anaphase is alleviated. APC is inhibited until all chromosomes are attached.

41
Q

Which cyclins are regulated by mitogens

A

Cyclin D

Cancer and Signalling (8 decks)

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