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Cancer and Signalling > Signalling > Flashcards

Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

what are some examples of cell signals?

A

oxygen supply, temperature, pathogens, hormones, growth factors

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2
Q

why is cell co ordination important during development?

A

to ensure cells end up in the correct places

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3
Q

morphogen?

A

molecules secreted from one cell which diffuse out and create a conc gradient. target cells in different positions along conc gradients have different developmental fates depending on the conc of morthogen they receive

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4
Q

how is blood glucose levels an example of cell signalling to maintain homeostasis?

A

high blood sugar - insulin released and glucose taken into cells and stored and glycogen
low blood sugar- glycogen turned back into glucose in the liver and released into the bloodstream

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5
Q

what are some examples of diseases caused by normal signalling pathways?

A

diabetes and cancer

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6
Q

what are the different types of signalling?

A

physical, electrical
and biochemical

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7
Q

what are some examples of physical signals?

A

pressure or temperature

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8
Q

what are the classes of range of action?

A

endocrine
paracrine
juxtacrine
autocrine

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9
Q

what are the 3 common stages for all signals?

A

detection, transduction and response

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10
Q

detection

A

signal/stimuli

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11
Q

transduce

A

the signal from the site of detection to the part of the cell that will respond

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12
Q

respond

A

must be coordinated with responses to other signals; and with responses of other cells

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13
Q

what are some examples of intracellular receptors?

A

hydrophobic signal molecules can diffuse through plasma membrane into the cell eg steroid hormone, nitric oxide

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14
Q

how do steroid hormones work?

A

they bind directly to intracellular receptor proteins and hormone receptor complexes act as a transcription factor. the complex binds to DNA and alters gene expression

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15
Q

what are some examples of cell surface receptors?

A

water soluble signalling molecules must use a cell surface receptor protein eg insulin, adrenaline

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16
Q

how do surface cell receptors work?

A

the hormone binds to the receptor and it becomes activated and the shape/activity becomes altered which creates a cellular response intracellularly

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17
Q

what are the 3 types of cell surface receptors?

A
  • ion channel linked
    -G protein linked
  • Enzyme linked
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18
Q

ion channel linked receptors

A

neurotransmitter binds to receptor causing an ion channel to open. flow into cell changes electrical properties of cell.

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19
Q

G protein coupled receptor

A

eg Adrenaline, seratonin, glucagon. the activated G protein activates enzymes that passes on signal into cell.
ligand bids -> conformational change in cytoplasm domain -> allows G protein to bind/be activated by receptor -> activated G protein activates intracellular enzymes

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20
Q

enzyme linked receptors

A

eg many growth factors, insulin. when a signal binds to the inactive receptor it brings the two parts of the receptor together which causes activation of enzyme activity within the cell.

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21
Q

what are kinases

A

enzymes that phosphorylate

22
Q

what are phosphatases?

A

dephosphorylate

23
Q

what is amplification?

A

when one receptor molecule activates many relay molecules. different receptors use different transducers/amplifiers

24
Q

what are enzymatic cascades?

A

often activated in response to growth factor RTK activation.
relay proteins Grb/Sos activate RAS (a proto oncogene commonly mutated in cancer)
Was activates a MAP kinase cascade

25
Q

what are second messegers?

A

a small molecule produced in large amounts inside cell after reception activation eg cAMP. Second messenger coordinates cell response

26
Q

how is adrenaline transduced?

A

second messengers
GPCR > cAMP>PKA activation>effector proteins phosphorylated

27
Q

what are some of the molecular level responses?

A

changes in gene expression, protein activity, protein binding, protein localisation

28
Q

what are G-protein coupled receptors

A

have 7 domains

29
Q

what are some examples of the effects of adrenaline?

A

different tissue specific responses
-glucose released from skeletal muscle, liver
-increased heart rate
-vasodilation of some blood vessels, constriction of some others

30
Q

Which molecule would participate in the transduction stage?

A

BRAF

31
Q

Which molecule would participate in the reception stage?

A

VEGF receptor

32
Q

Which signalling molecule binds to an enzyme linked cell surface receptor?

A

EGF

33
Q

what is signal transduction?

A

when various processes occur within the second cell to conduct the signal to the correct parts of the cell and initiate the correct response

34
Q

what is integration (of signal response)?

A

when multiple signals work together to produce an overall cellular response

35
Q

what is cyclopia?

A

a failure of a signalling pathway called the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway . If it goes wrong you get a failure of proper development and separation of the two halves of the brain and the eyes.

36
Q

what are the 2 types of biochemical signals?

A

-classifications based on chemical structure
-classification by the distance over which they act

36
Q

what does salbutamol target?

A

beta 2 receptor (cell surface)

37
Q

endocrine?

A

signal that acts over a long distance (transported via bloodstream) is termed endocrine

38
Q

paracrine?

A

releasing a signal to act on a nearby cells (signal molecule moves by diffusion)

39
Q

juxtacrine?

A

signal that acts on a neighbouring cell via cell to cell contact

40
Q

autocrine?

A

a signal that acts on the same cell that releases it.

41
Q

what kind of molecules are intracellular signallers?

A

hydrophobic or gases to plass plasma membrane

42
Q

what are the 3 stages of signal transduction?

A

-reception
-transduction
-response

43
Q

what is the MAPK cascade?

A

mitogen activated protein kinases

44
Q

what kind of signallers are oestrogen and testosterone?

A

hydrophobic hormones.

45
Q

what is cAMP?

A

second messenger produced by enzyme adenylyl cyclase

46
Q

which enzyme is responsible for breaking down cAMP?

A

phosphodiesterase

47
Q

what is an example of an ion channel receptor?

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

48
Q

what is an example of a G protein coupled receptor?

A

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
adrenaline

49
Q

what is an example of an enzyme like receptor?

A

VEGF

Cancer and Signalling (8 decks)

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