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Cancer and Signalling > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathology?

A

the science of disease using detailed knowledge of normal cell biology to determine how illness arises

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2
Q

what do pathologists do?

A

get specimens from clinicians, look macroscopically and interperate this in a clinical context to provide a likely diagnosis

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3
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

an excessive, irreversible uncontrolled growth which persists even after withdrawal of the stimuli which caused it

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4
Q

what is the difference between a tumour and neoplasia?

A

a tumour is swelling/lump
neoplasia is wider than this as not all neoplasms are guaranteed to cause swelling/lumps eg leukaemia

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4
Q

what are the types of neoplastic diseases?

A

normal tissue, benign disease, malignancy, dysplasia

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5
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells

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6
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell size

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7
Q

what is atrophy?

A

decrease in cell size

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8
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

change in cell type

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9
Q

what are some characteristics of benign neoplasms?

A

localised, well encapsulated, slow growing, resemble the origin, regular nucleus, few mitoses, damage at the local level

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9
Q

what is necrosis?

A

uncontrolled cell death

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10
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnorml/atypical cells due to failure in differentiation. in some areas in the body it can be called intraepithelial neoplasia. the degree of dysplasia helps the pathologist identify those tissues which are high risk for malignancy.tumour growing but it is confined to the epithelium (intraepithelial neoplasia)

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11
Q

how can dysplasia be detected?

A

there is a disordered architecture of the tissue, a loss of normal structure

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12
Q

what makes cells atypical?

A

pleomorphic nuclei and mitotic figures

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13
Q

what are pleomorphic nuclei?

A

the nuclei are larger and mis shapen

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14
Q

what are mitotic figures?

A

the cells are rapidly dividing, lots of cell division is noticeable

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15
Q

what are features of malignancy?

A

invasive, can metastasise, grows fast, may not resemble tissue of origin, shows features of dysplasia, damage at local or distinct sites

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16
Q

what is metastasis?

A

where invasive neoplasm spreads to the other areas of the body

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17
Q

what are the different ways of metastasis?

A

-through lymphatics
-through blood
-transcoelomic

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18
Q

what are complications of malignancy?

A
  • the site of origin can be difficult to find which is called cancer of unknown primary
  • this is important to know to help direct the treatment
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19
Q

generally how are benign neoplasms named?

A

oma eg adenoma, papilloma

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20
Q

generally how are malignant neoplasms named?

A

carcinoma for epithelial, sarcoma for connective tissue

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21
Q

why is understanding signalling important for all doctors?

A

it allows us both to identify the prognosis and use targeted treatment for the patient if we know the specific cell signalling pathways

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22
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

a change from one type of differentiated tissue into another. the resulting tissue is often better adapted to the environment.

23
Q

what is immunohistochemistry?

A

shows us where certain proteins are expressed within the cell and in roughly what quantities they are expressed

24
Q

how are the cell cycle and neoplasia linked?

A

we can look for specific changes in the cell cycle in neoplasms as part of diagnosis to help with creating management plans
the presence or absence of mutations in the cell cycle can help determine prognosis and treatment

25
Q

what is grading?

A

how closely to not does the neoplasm correspond to the normal cells for that tissue. the more dysplastic the cells, the higher the grade. usually done by pathologist

26
Q

what is staging?

A

how far the neoplasm has spread throughout the body. usually done by MDT

27
Q

what is the classic staging tool?

A

TNM classification
tumour -measures local invasion
node - measure spread to lymph node
metastasis- measures spread to distant tissues

28
Q

what are some examples of local effects

A

very tissue dependent
-generalised symptoms eg pain lump
-compression on surrounding structures
-ulceration
-bleeding/anemia

29
Q

what are some examples of metazoic effects

A

very site dependent
-eg brain mets cause swelling, raised pressure, stroke and seizures

30
Q

what are some examples of systemic effects?

A

-weight loss, loss of apetite
-fever or feeling non specifically not well
-infection

31
Q

what are some examples of para neoplastic effects?

A

-secretion of excess substances eg hormones
-raised calcium leading to confusion

32
Q

What are some examples of benign tumours in paediatrics?

A

Haemangioma
Naevus
Lymphangiomas
Sacroccoygeal teratomas

33
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

an increase in the size of an organ as a result of proliferation eg uterus in pregnancy

34
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

an increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the size of constituent cells eg left ventricle in hypertension

35
Q

what is a monoclonal tumour?

A

when one tumour derives from one cell only

36
Q

what is a liable tumour?

A

has a very quick turnover and replacement of cells eg epidermal cells on the surface of skin are replaced every week. blood cells last 120 days and then they are replaced

37
Q

what Is a stable tissue?

A

has a slow turnover eg cells in the bone

38
Q

what is a permanent tissue?

A

cells have no turnover and have be used for the rest of our lives (eg neural cells)

39
Q

what does hyperplasia lead to?

A

an increase in the size of an organ as a result of cell proliferation

40
Q

what does hypertrophy lead to?

A

an increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the size of constituent cells eg left ventricle of the heart in hypertension

41
Q

what is necrosis?

A

death of cells in living tissue caused by external factors such as infection, trauma or toxins

41
Q

what is histogenesis?

A

the differentiation of cells into specialised tissues and organs during growth

42
Q

how are benign epithelial tumour named?

A

OMA
papilloma (covering epithelia)
adenoma (lining tubes or hollow organs or solid organs)

43
Q

how are malignant epithelial tumours named?

A

CARCINOMA
eg adenocarcinoma (lining tubes of hollow organs)

44
Q

how are benign tumours of connective tissue named?

A

OMA

45
Q

how are malignant tumours of connective tissue named?

A

SARCOMA

46
Q

generally where are no benign tumours recognised?

A

lymphoids
haematopoietic tissues
glial cells
mesothelium

47
Q

what are malignant tumours of the lymphoid called?

A

lymphoma (hodgkin or non hodgkin)

48
Q

how are malignant tumours of the haematopoeitc tissues named?

A

leukaemia

49
Q

how are primitive nerve cell (sense or receptive cell)malignant tumours named?

A

neuroblastoma retinoblastoma ect

50
Q

how are malignant tumours of glial cells named?

A

glioma eg astrocytoma

51
Q

how are germ cell tumours named?

A

teratoma

52
Q

what are moles called>

A

pigmented naevi

53
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

change from one type of differentiated tissue to another. resulting tissue is often better suited fro the environment

54
Q

what type of tumours generally spread via blood?

A

carcinomas (kidney colorectal and prostate) and sarcomas

55
Q

what type of cancer is lymphatic spread rare in?

A

sarcomas

56
Q

what is transcoelomic spread?

A

spread of tumours across peritoneum and peritoneal cavity eg. ovary and stomach

Cancer and Signalling (8 decks)

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