The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

why do single-celled organisms need cell division?

A

reproduction

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2
Q

why do multicellular organisms need cell division?

A

to grow and replace dead or damaged cells.

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3
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

the process of killing a cell

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4
Q

What are cell cycle regulators?

A

molecular signals that can start or stop cell division, or it can also tell the cells to differentiate or kill a cell.

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5
Q

What happens if cell cycle regulators don’t function properly?

A

A cell may end up with far too many or far too few cells.

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6
Q

What is G1 in the cell cycle?

A

It is the First Gap Phase, which the cell prepares to replicate the DNA, and it grows

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7
Q

What is S in the cell cycle?

A

It is the Synthesis Phase, which is when the cell replicates its DNA

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8
Q

What is G2 in the cell cycle?

A

It is the Second Gap Phase, which is when the cell prepares for division.

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9
Q

What is M in the cell cycle?

A

It is Mitosis, which is when the cell stops growing and divides into two identical daughter cells.

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10
Q

What is G0 in the cell cycle?

A

It is the resting phase, the cell is neither growing or dividing.

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11
Q

What is the order of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

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12
Q

In what cases would a cell go into G0?

A

they receive a signal towards the end of G1 to differentiate or when they have insufficient materials to divide.

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13
Q

What is at the end of every phase in the cell cycle?

A

A checkpoint

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14
Q

In general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle?

A

Each checkpoint makes sure the cell division is done efficiently, and no errors have been made.

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15
Q

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase (all of G1, S, G2, and G0)

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16
Q

What is cell division?

A

a process creating two identical daughter cells

17
Q

What is differentiate?

A

a process where cells stop dividing to perform specific functions, but can continue to divide afterwards

18
Q

What is cell dealth?

A

a process that eliminates unnecessary cells, which can include removing damaged or unhealthy cells.

19
Q

what is the order of the steps in mitosis?

A

PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)

20
Q

what is a chromatid?

A

one of the two identical sister parts of a duplicated chromosome.

20
Q

what is a chromatid?

A

one of the two identical sister parts of a duplicated chromosome.

21
Q

What is a centeromere?

A

area where chromosomes are attached

22
Q

what is sister chromatids?

A

identical copies of a chromosome, created during interphase

23
Q

what is prophase?

A

The first stage of mitosis, chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down

24
Q

what is metaphase?

A

the second phase of mitosis, sister chromatides line up in the MIDDLE of the cell

25
Q

what is anaphase?

A

The third stage of mitosis, spindle fibers shorten and pull sister chromatids APART to opposite poles of the cell

26
Q

what is telophase?

A

The fourth stage of mitosis, new nuclear membranes begins to form and the cell contains two nuclei

27
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

A process that helps to physically
break apart the left cell from the right cell after mitosis.

28
Q

What is the centriole?

A

Organelle that sends out the spindle fibers

29
Q

what does chromatins condense into in prophase?

A

Chromosomes