The Cell Cycle Flashcards
why do single-celled organisms need cell division?
reproduction
why do multicellular organisms need cell division?
to grow and replace dead or damaged cells.
what is apoptosis?
the process of killing a cell
What are cell cycle regulators?
molecular signals that can start or stop cell division, or it can also tell the cells to differentiate or kill a cell.
What happens if cell cycle regulators don’t function properly?
A cell may end up with far too many or far too few cells.
What is G1 in the cell cycle?
It is the First Gap Phase, which the cell prepares to replicate the DNA, and it grows
What is S in the cell cycle?
It is the Synthesis Phase, which is when the cell replicates its DNA
What is G2 in the cell cycle?
It is the Second Gap Phase, which is when the cell prepares for division.
What is M in the cell cycle?
It is Mitosis, which is when the cell stops growing and divides into two identical daughter cells.
What is G0 in the cell cycle?
It is the resting phase, the cell is neither growing or dividing.
What is the order of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
In what cases would a cell go into G0?
they receive a signal towards the end of G1 to differentiate or when they have insufficient materials to divide.
What is at the end of every phase in the cell cycle?
A checkpoint
In general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle?
Each checkpoint makes sure the cell division is done efficiently, and no errors have been made.
What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase (all of G1, S, G2, and G0)
What is cell division?
a process creating two identical daughter cells
What is differentiate?
a process where cells stop dividing to perform specific functions, but can continue to divide afterwards
What is cell dealth?
a process that eliminates unnecessary cells, which can include removing damaged or unhealthy cells.
what is the order of the steps in mitosis?
PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
what is a chromatid?
one of the two identical sister parts of a duplicated chromosome.
what is a chromatid?
one of the two identical sister parts of a duplicated chromosome.
What is a centeromere?
area where chromosomes are attached
what is sister chromatids?
identical copies of a chromosome, created during interphase
what is prophase?
The first stage of mitosis, chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down
what is metaphase?
the second phase of mitosis, sister chromatides line up in the MIDDLE of the cell
what is anaphase?
The third stage of mitosis, spindle fibers shorten and pull sister chromatids APART to opposite poles of the cell
what is telophase?
The fourth stage of mitosis, new nuclear membranes begins to form and the cell contains two nuclei
What is cytokinesis?
A process that helps to physically
break apart the left cell from the right cell after mitosis.
What is the centriole?
Organelle that sends out the spindle fibers
what does chromatins condense into in prophase?
Chromosomes
