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Biology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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2
Q

what is the monomer of lipids?

A

Glycerol or fatty acid

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3
Q

what is the monomer of protein?

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

what is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotide

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5
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Short term energy, big burst of energy

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6
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Long term energy, balanced

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7
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

Makes enzymes and helps cell transportation and hormone transportation

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8
Q

What is the function of nucleic acid?

A

Store genetic material within organisms

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9
Q

What happens to enzymes when they are exposed to extreme temperatures?

A

They become denatured and can no longer perform normal functions

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10
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

converts energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose (photosynthesis)

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

supports, shapes, and protects cell

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12
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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13
Q

What is the function of vacuole?

A

Sucks up and stores molecules.

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14
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Convert energy used in food to energy that the cell can use.

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15
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

synthesis or create proteins.

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16
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

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17
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

Control center of the cell, contain DNA, codes for making proteins, and molecules

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18
Q

What is the function of the Nucleolus?

A

Contains DNA

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19
Q

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

A

Cushion and support organelles

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20
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

chemically modifies proteins made by ribosomes.

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21
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

contains enzymes that perform specialized tasks.

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22
Q

What is the structure of prokaryotic cells?

A

They are smaller and simpler, and they do not separate their genetic information.

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23
Q

What is the structure of eukaryotic cells?

A

They are larger and more complex, and they separate their genetic info.

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24
Q

What is a political implication in relation to?

A

Laws and Policies

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25
Q

what is a ethical implication in relation to?

A

Doing what is right

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26
Q

What is a economic implication in relation to?

A

Money

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27
Q

What is a social implication in relation to?

A

Social interactions

28
Q

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from…

A

high to low concentration

29
Q

Diffusion requiring the assistance of transport proteins

A

Facilitated diffusion

30
Q

Cell Transport that requires energy

A

active transport

31
Q

Cell Transport, that moves material through a channel and does NOT require additional energy

A

facilitated diffusion.

32
Q

The process of materials exiting the cell

A

Exocytosis

33
Q

The process of materials entering the cell

A

Edocytosis

34
Q

The solution of water moving out of the cell

A

Hypertonic (shrink)

35
Q

The solution of water moving into the cell

A

Hypotonic (swell)

36
Q

The solution of water flowing in and out of the cell evenly

A

Isotonic

37
Q

Formula of photosythesis

A

Co2 + H2o + light energy = O2 + C6h12o6

38
Q

Location of photosythesis

A

chloroplast

39
Q

Formula of cellular respiration

A

O2 + C6h12o6 = Co2 + H2o + ATP

40
Q

Location of cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

41
Q

What type of sugar does DNA have?

A

Doexyribose sugar

42
Q

What type of sugar does RNA have?

A

Ribose sugar

43
Q

What type of bond holds the nitrogenous bases together?

A

Hydrogen bond

44
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

The nucleus

45
Q

What is meant by DNA replication being a semi-conservatice process?

A

Every double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new, completed one.

46
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

47
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

48
Q

How many bases make up a codon?

A

Three

49
Q

How many amino acids does one codon create?

A

One

50
Q

What is a Missense substitution?

A

A mutation that causes an amino acid to change

51
Q

What is a Silent substitution?

A

A mutation that causes no amino acids to change.

52
Q

What is a Nonsense substitution?

A

A mutation that causes a premature stop

53
Q

What is a Frameshift insertion?

A

A mutation that causes a mRNA to be added in, causing the rest of the mRNA chain to change and shift

54
Q

What is a Frameshift deletion?

A

A mutation that causes a mRNA to be removed, causing the rest of the mRNA chain to change and shift

55
Q

Who was the first scientist to discover the structure of DNA, which was double stranded and had a double helix?

A

Rosalind Franklin

56
Q

Who stole Rosalind Franklin’s research and claimed it as their one?

A

Watson and Crick

57
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

A double helix

58
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

A single helix

59
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?

A

A T G C

60
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA?

A

A U G C

61
Q

What is osmosis the movement of?

A

Water

62
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

the reaction of an organic chemical with water to form two or more new substances

63
Q

What breaks/unzips DNA’s double helix in DNA replication?

A

DNA Helicase

64
Q

What does the DNA polymerase attach itself to before adding nucleotides in DNA replication?

A

The primer

65
Q

Which direction does the DNA polymerase add nucleotides?

A

5’-3’

Biology (13 decks)

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